Moral values Essay

It would be gross injustice to categorize all children and youths as lacking in manners and morals, but the general trend would certainly suggest there has been a major decline among many of them. Family values have changed dramatically in the past few decades, producing a crop of undisciplined teenagers and children who lack morals and manners as a result of poor training. Good manners were once the norm with young people very much aware the older generation. Saying â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†, giving up a seat on the bus and holding open doors were all considered normal mannerly behavior. Times have changed and we now live in a predominantly me-first society which is reflected in many young people. If good manners are taught at an early age, they will generally continue to be part of the personality of the young child all the way into adulthood. The lack of good manners observed in society in general is no doubt a reflection of the situation found within the home. Without parental example and training the area of manners, it is likely the children will sadly lack in displaying them. The same can be said of the lack of morals we find in many of today’s youth. A large proportion of children have grown up with little or no respect for authority, for property, for family or even themselves. Living a life of immorality is considered normal behavior today and has produced a bumper crop of young people with venereal disease, unwanted pregnancies and a feeling of emptiness in their lives. Lacking in moral stability, we find young people involved in crime, violence and drug abuse. The so-called freedom they have has actually brought them into slavery to an amoral lifestyle. There is a contrast though in many children and teenagers who are moral and do have good manners, proving that it is still possible to develop these delightful characteristics. It is a real pleasure to come across young people who are mannerly and who have the courage to lead a moral life, not.

Mongolia’s Karakorum

The ancient city of Karakorum in the 13th century according to history and archaeological records was the seat and the imperial capital of the Mongol Empire of Genghis (or Chinggis) Khan. It is located in the Ovohangai Mongolia, near the Orhon River and Mount Otuken according to Haw (2006, 32). The city was founded and erected by Genghis Khan himself in 1220 to serve as the seat of his vast Mongol Empire and not only served as the administrative center but a major cultural link between the East and the West. Before the 13th century, the area around Karakorum particularly Karabalghasun used to be the seat of the Uyghurs who needed a permanent fortified capital to store resources extorted from China in 750-757. Ideally, this place was the best choice because the Turks and the Mongols considered the surrounding lands as sacred. After the Uyghurs were destroyed in 840 by the Khirgiz; the region was transformed from a Turkish heartland to a Mongol land. The Khirgiz power was however centered on the Yenisei River to the North which was how the area around Mt. Outuken and Karakorum faded into oblivion according to Findley (2005, 49). Geographically Karakorum also lies in the northwestern corner of the Ãâ€"và ¶rkhangai Province of Mongolia, near today’s town of Kharkhorin. This region is surrounded by arable land making the soil generally soft and ideal for planting after the annual flooding according to Morgan (1986, 87). The land is also conducive to grazing which is highly acceptable and desirable to a nomadic tribe who relied on horses to travel faster to faraway lands. Present day Mongolia has discovered the ruins of the vast city of Karakorum in an area which was suitable for both crops and livestock and which possessed very old-established mining deposits Morgan(1986, 46). As a major geographic route in the Middle Ages, Karakorum is also a saddle between two mountains and a river and considered a relatively easy passage to the East which was how Genghis must have envisioned his central empire. When the Mongols reunited the steppe tribes, they created the largest land-based empire in history interlinking Europe and Asia under Genghis Khan in McCannon (2006, 143). However, prior to their expansion, the Mongols did not have a sophisticated society and proved adept at cultural borrowing as related in McCannon (2006, 144). History has related how the Mongols behaved like barbarians without any regard for personal care and clothing. As warriors, a nomadic life best suited them and anything that could slow their journey to the next city they could conquer is avoided. However Kwantes revealed that the Mongols massive journey and conquests into other lands awoke them to goods they had never seen (2005, 57). Khan and his men learned to appreciate the beautiful silk, delicious food and exotic items pillaged and gathered from other places (Kwantes, 57). They began to slowly learn about other people’s culture which changed their way of lives. Genghis Khan’s advisers told him once, â€Å"thou has conquered great empire in the saddle†¦ thou cannot govern it so,† (Kwantes 58). Clearly this advisor understood that Khan’s nomadic way of life could not continue when vast lands and goods were acquired without a central government devised to rule for such a grown empire. Understanding the need for continuity of the Mongol rule, Genghis Khan now growing older changed the Mongol’s nomadic life and decided to establish Karakorum as his headquarters because of its accessibility and spiritual history (Kwantes, 57). In its prime Karakorum served not only as the administrative centre of the Mongolian Empire, but also as a major trade and cultural link between East and West in Haw, (2006, 32). The Mongols soon imposed a single political authority, encouraged economic exchange and made travel conditions safer according to McCannon (2006, 144). They began to established cities around their territories and made crucial economic centers passable for merchants, missionaries and travelers of all profession (McCannon, 144). Genghis Khan desired for his people to learn which is why foreign visitors were encouraged and welcomed so the Mongols could gather knowledge from the foreigners about cultures uncommon to them. Morgan once said that the Mongols were unsophisticated and uncultured who did not know how to write (1986, 114). All this would change later on as Mongol conquest is contemporarily declared as the transfer of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to Western and Eastern societies in Saunders(2001, 82). At its height, Karakorum became a busy metropolis served by soldiers, merchants, and craftspeople, many of the latter imported from lands conquered by the Mongolian military in Morgan (1986, 114). The ancient city, with an area of 400 meters by 400 meters, was protected from attackers by a fortified wall, and near each of the wall’s four gates, four giant granite turtle sculptures were installed to protect the city from a potentially more dangerous threat: periodic floods from the Orhon River in Morgan (1986:115). Karakorum in the 13th century then became home to more than ten thousand people, including Khan’s family, noblemen, ministers, military leaders, craftsmen, traders, clergy, and foreign guests, in addition to nomads inhabiting the compounds in Morgan (1986, 114). The huge size of the city was ideal for the city’s diverse religions where twelve idol temples of different nations, two mosques in which is cried the and one church of Christians could be found within its walls(Kwantes, 59). In addition, a diverse population also inhabited the walls with resident Chinese, Alans, Ruthenians, Georgians, Hermenians and other non-Mongol peoples inside as provided in Saunders (2001, 19). Karakorum became a host to a stream of foreign emissaries and traders like Marco Polo and perhaps Ibn Battuta among others. Delegations as far away as India, Arabia, Armenia and Rome, as well as merchants from China, Persia, and other countries along the Silk Route were welcome to the Great Khan’s established city. Town life must have prospered a lot during Genghis reign as archaeological evidence supports how their existence was centered on metallurgy powered by the currents of the Orkhon River. Other findings include arrowheads; iron cauldrons; wheel bushings; evidence of ceramic tiles and sculpture production (Brittanica, 2005). Glass beads production and yarn spindles were also evident along with also Chinese silk and coins that could support the trading activity in the area (Brittanica, 2005). Recent excavations of the city ruins have indicated that the royal palace was likely burned down at the time of the Min invasion, but it is not clear how completely the city was demolished (McCannon, 144). Although there is no mention of Karakorum in known historical records of the following 87 years, it is quite possible that the city was never fully abandoned according to McCannon (2006, 144). Indeed the city is the cradle of many Central Asian civilizations with its advanced agriculture and crafts that were highly developed while trade flourished. Despite European claims that the Tartars (as how Europe called the Mongols) were highly uncivilized and unsophisticated; records would show that Karakorum was once an intellectual community. They honor and respect diverse cultures and religion which has been carried through centuries of repression until 1990’s when Mongolians were soon free to practice any religion of choice. Illiteracy has also been eliminated in this modern period as a legacy from its great leaders. Today the Mongols and their great leaders are remembered as valiant heroes who conquered vast lands against all odds to build a mighty empire or as ruthless conquerors that destroyed everything in their path. Genghis set a certain set of organization, discipline, equipment and mentality to fight for and with his men with a vast army organized into a decimal system, with a commander for every series of 10 units elected by the troops in Morgan (1986, 115). Military tactics were rehearsed well in preparation and each warrior was expected to know precisely what to do from the signals of the commanders, which took form in flaming arrows, drums, and banners (Morgan, 116). With extreme discipline they combined skill, discipline, and tactics without Western interference or teaching, learning such divisive techniques on their own. Sometime when the western knights fought with the Mongol horsemen during an invasion, the Europeans were utterly destroyed as the Mongols employed a wide array of tricks that contradicts claims of their uneducated and barbaric status. Nevertheless, the sheer extent of their conquests revealed how an ailing nation ravaged by poverty and conflict once united under a single cause could reach great heights of power and achievement. Division and greed for power disunited them into utter failure which serves as a lesson for the next generations. I therefore consider the Mongols as the significant players in history because their conquests surpass what any other country has done. Works   Cited Kwantes, Anne. She Has Done a Beautiful Thing for Me: Portraits of Christian Women in Asia PhilAm books, 2005. Haw, Stephen. Marco Polo in China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilal Khan. Routledge, 2006. McCannon, John. Barron’s How to Prepare for the AP World. Barrons   Educational Series, 2006. Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History. United States: Oxford Press, 2005. Britannica. Karakorum. 2005. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044690/Karakorum Accessed: 08 May, 2007. Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishing, 1986. Saunders, John Joseph. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.

Food Ins. Essay

1. If animals should have certain rights, do you think those rights also apply to animals we raise for food, like chickens or pigs? Are there any rights that these farm animals should have? If so, what are they? One animal does not have greater importance over another, such as one human is not more life worthy than another. In this case to say certain animals should have rights whereas others should not is wrong. So yes a dog and a chicken should have rights and the same rights. The more difficult question is what exactly these rights should be. It is reasonable to try to prevent the most obvious cases of gratuitous suffering or torture of animals, but beyond that, non-human animals yes deserve to be given â€Å"rights†, but cannot simply be granted. The animals are treated like scum, kept in the dark with no concept of an outside world. Some rights they should be graced with are the right to the outdoors, and the right to roam. 2. How do you think farm animals should be treated? How do your ideas compare to what you saw in the film? It seems as if each industry in the film has the power to define cruelty. This is as ridiculous as giving a burglar the power to determine their punishment. Why these industries are not charged with aggravated cruelty to animals is something I cannot understand. Is it not the same to kick a dog or kick a chicken with the same anger? 3. Richard Lobb of the National Chicken Council says in the film, â€Å"In a way, we’re not producing chickens, we’re producing food. † What does this statement mean? Do you agree or disagree with it? How might this perspective affect the way that chickens are raised? 4. Many of us were surprised to learn that corn is so prevalent in our foods. Why do you think we were so surprised? Of course people are surprised to find out corn is so prevalent because the problem is it’s not even just in foods! When there is some kind of soy or corn in batteries, diapers, Motrin, charcoal, etc. you know there is a big problem. 5. Do you think the government and food producers have kept it a secret? Why don’t more people know this fact? This unfortunately is not something you can blame on the food producers; it’s simply the consumers fault for not looking at the ingredients on a food label. I believe people do not know the facts due to ignorance and laziness. Bottom line is if people realize what is in their food they will have to make a change which is usually not cost effective and more time consuming which these days is very undesirable. 6. Food labels actually do list corn-based ingredients, but not always in a recognizable way. How do you feel about ingredients being included in your diet without your knowledge? If you have a question about something, isn’t it common knowledge to ask about it. Google these days tells you everything you want to know and more so people can easily read the ingredients and research a word unknown to them.

SME's Agains Large Corporations Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

SME's Agains Large Corporations - Dissertation Example For the paper, the researcher had chosen the single case study for the reason that through case study one would be able to understand the phenomenon within   real—life context and the event being studied was further clarified through the review of literature related to the subject matter. In this regard, as the a the paper seeks to understand and clarify the current status of the connection between SMEs and technological development and whether the adoption of a technological development of SMEs leads to a competitive edge, the researcher had conducted survey of literature pertinent to the subject matter. Likewise, the researcher also conducted a qualitative research using interview to get an idea as to how SME managers-owners look at the problem of the research. This approach is chosen on the premise that the problem of the research can be best addresses following an interpretivism , since the researcher believes that it is the research philosophy that will help the clarify the issue of teh study. This study declares that  as the single case study is adopted for the research methodology. As the research sought to understand whether technological developments bring advantages to SMEs over LEs, the case study provided the researcher the chance to undertake   â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context†.  To address the question of the research, the research was conducted in two phases. The first phase is the literature review and the second phase is the qualitative research which used interview approach. A literature review is an evaluation of the work that has been published by scholars in a particular topic area (Patton 1990). The purpose of the literature review is to summarize and synthesize the available research in such an area. By evaluating the work of others, it is possible to identify research trends and research that still needs to be done in the chosen topic area (Patton 1990). As such, the reader gets an idea as to how contemporary scholars are presenting and discussing the problems raised in this study (Scott, 2006). For this research, the researcher conducted a documentary research to get the necessary academic literatures addressing the issue of this study. Literatures written about small and medium –sized enterprises, technological development, large enterprises, globalisation, internalisation, e-commerce and global market had been searched in order to shed light to the possible conceptual ambiguities that maybe inherent in the concepts inherent in the study. For the second phase of the study, primary research has also been conducted. The primary research allows the research to understand the concepts and problems of the research based on the actual experienced of actual people involve in SMEs. Primary research entails the first hand

Fonterra Ltd, a diary company in New Zealand Assignment

Fonterra Ltd, a diary company in New Zealand - Assignment Example The number of employees working for Fonterra is around 16800. The strategies adopted by the company are to make business in the emerging economies like China, Latin America and ASEAN; thus creating a strong presence. Optimizing the business of milk in New Zealand, protect the exports of milk exports in New Zealand by building integrated offshore milk pools, so that the higher value returns gets back to the country; focusing on creating quality product for its customers with special concern for mother and babies (Fonterra Ltd., 2011, pp.2-20). Computer fraud and abuse Accounting information system is a process by which the accounting of the company is done based on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the use of the modern information technology. The Accounting Information System (AIS) of a company is composed of six main elements of the company, namely, people who will operate the system, procedure and instructions based on which the data is retrieved from different sources of the company, the related data which is very essential for the organization’s business practices, the required infrastructure for the information technology of the company so as to smoothly operate the system comprising of both the software and the hardware and lastly the internal controls so as to adopt security measures which will prevent the leakage of the sensitive data. Thus Fonterra can be exposed to the risk of fraud and abuse related to the theft of equipment, inventory or cash of the company. Even the fraud and abuse in the accounting information system of the company may result in false invoicing; payroll fraud arising out of the accounts made for directing the salary to a non-existing employee of the company; e-commerce frauds which have become very common now a days; for high level of outsourcing forgeries takes place on the ground of assets of the company being used for personal uses. If the employee of the company is not loyal then the risk of fraud a nd abuse of the company on the ground of accounting information system may lead to the disclosure of information and the intellectual property of Fonterra. Generally the fraud of a company usually occurs on the ground of poor internal control of the company. Thus Fonterra must take precautionary measures to tighten the internal control system of the company. If the items of the company is highly desirable the chances of forgery increases leading to fraud and abuse. Other reasons behind the occurrence of fraud and abuse of the company may arise from insufficient preventive measures and detection strategies having loop holes. The company should also know how to deal with the detection of the fraud; for example if a person is convicted of committing forgery in the company, just looking at the reputation of the company the concerned person is asked to resign. But in a situation like this civil or criminal action should be taken against the fraudster. Thus the fraud and abuse of the comp any generally arises from lack of strong internal control of the company. Since the AIS department is the heart and soul of the company, on the basis of which the company is able to carry out its operations. So, the personnel being appointed in the department of AIS should go through extensive interview process in order to appoint the most appropriate person for the concerned department. Fraud and abuse are ought to happen with the increase

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to Essay

Critical analysis paper -Womens Philanthropy Board Fall Luncheon to kick off yearlong commemoration of 50 Years of Integration at Auburn University the speaker was Marybeth Gasman - Essay Example Demonstrating her power of speech, her content had accurate facts; her speech seemed well organized with a clear introduction and good conclusion; the manner of delivery was perfect with high eloquence and clear voice as well as keeping the audience entertained throughout. It all showed how well prepared she was (Darlington, para.3). The contents of Professor Gasman’s speech concentrated on the theme of the event and sometimes beyond. She even touched on the need for students to recognize and appreciate efforts made by their respective colleges when they finish their education, expressing alarm over the decreasing number of people registering in alumni. To make her facts accurate, she shared statistics obtained from a recent study based on how African Americans give back to their Universities they graduated from and how they give in general to the church tithes offering and the family members (para.43). This example, however, did not go down well with the African American students in the room and most of them saw this piece of information irrelevant to the topic of the event (para.4). The speech was well organized and seemed to flow from the beginning to the end (para.17). Her introduction focused on huddles faced on the journey to academic excellence in various parts of the world. She made her introduction perfect by paying tribute to the students and staff who lost their lives in the deadly shooting at Connecticut elementary, which made her seize our attention (para.16). The introduction transited smoothly to her main speech of the day where she concentrated on the benefits of integration. She ended her speech by outlining a summary her main points thus making it a strong conclusion (para.46). The speech delivery was very convenient and thorough. She used an effective microphone with good sound quality that never jammed during her entire speech. The microphone made her voice loud enough and we got every detail of her speech clearly

The Art of Negotiation - cross-cultural negotions Essay

The Art of Negotiation - cross-cultural negotions - Essay Example Conversely, the approach takes into account cultural the degree of cultural differences when dealing with diverse teams. Identification of the level of cultural disparity implies that the strategy ensures that there is higher win-win potential. The negotiator of intra-cultural situations can use integrative bargaining to identify the level of differences in cultural beliefs, expectations, risk profiles, abilities, and values since these aspects of the team are crucial in expanding the pie (Goldman, & Shapiro, 2012). In addition, integrating cultural differences ensures that gains and benefits match different needs and expectation of the teams. Integrative bargaining is useful intra-cultural situations because it is a cooperative strategy to negotiations. The strategy advocates win-win situations or mutual gains since it entails searching for logical trade-offs and mutually profitable available options. One of the important considerations, when using the integrative bargaining strategy, is building a rapport with the parties (Larrick, & Wu, 2007). In this case, the negotiators engage in pre-negotiations where they focus on sharing more information, making fewer threats, developing more respect, and building trust within the team. The implication is that interaction before negotiations leads to building of trust and cooperation so as the team can share a common understanding of the issues, identify intra-cultural interests and invent solutions that satisfy all the teams. Interest-based bargaining strategy is one of the innovations in the field of negotiation as an improvement to other approaches like integrative bargaining (Larrick, & Wu, 2007). The strategy can benefit intra-cultural negotiation since it recommends that negotiators should act as problem solvers with abilities to find solutions to their mutual problems or other issues of mutual concern. The interest-based strategy has some underlying principles

Organization Chart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Chart - Assignment Example This level also include the general manager. The design of Chicago Bulls organizational structure is a typical functional structure. According to Pedersen et al (2011), a functional structure is organized on the basis of roles and responsibilities. As elucidated by Pedersen et-al (2011), a functional structure analogous to Chicago Bulls structure has high levels of specialization. In other words, each unit or department has its own distinct role. From the Chicago Bulls organizational structure, it is evident that the organizational has adopted a centralized system whereby control managers and staff are allowed to make specific decisions on their own. Operations are also standardized, and the number of processes varies within departments. Specialization and centralization of control is imperative as ability to concentrate on specific functions and ability to make key decisions promotes innovativeness. In a nutshell, a functional organizational structure categorizes processes based on functions, roles, and

Letter of proficiency in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of proficiency in English - Essay Example Now, I recollected my childhood experiences not accidentally but because as I was studying English it turned out that few of my favorite 'foreign' words which I had conjured up by myself as a child turned out to be exactly like the real words in the real English language, which made me even more confident, notwithstanding the clearly accidental nature of this coincidence, that I was capable of intuitive understanding of languages. I believe this positive self-confidence, along with numerous other confirmations of the rightfulness of my decision to learn English like for instance the dominance of English content in Internet, only added to my enthusiasm and energy during my learning of this language. Regarding concrete ways of my study of English, perhaps the most important one for me was that I have been taught in English already starting from my primary education and up to my postgraduate education. In this way, I was able to simultaneously become acquainted with the grammatical rules of English, and to have practice in spoken language, which, as I now understand, requires somewhat separate skills.

Discussion Question 2 Week 9 Global Intellectual Property Rights Assignment

Discussion Question 2 Week 9 Global Intellectual Property Rights - Assignment Example only plausible and viable means to preserve ownership and motivate talents to continue in discovery, creation, innovation, and invention, as required. There were reported cases against pharmaceutical companies which allegedly manufacture drugs in generic form that are more accessible and affordable. Likewise, there were disclosed cases against stealing copyrighted music and copying books online (Evans, 2002). One copyright case which was Perfect 10 v. Google which reportedly â€Å"claims that Google’s Image Search service violates copyright law by indexing Perfect 10 photos posted on unauthorized websites, then making and delivering thumbnail images of those photos in its search results† (American Library Association, 2013, p. 1). As noted, Google was asked by the lower court to remove links to websites containing photos from Perfect 10; but the Court of Appeals had apparently favored more of Google’s arguments (American Library Association, 2013). Likewise, one patent case was about software patents: the CLS Bank v. Alice case, where it allegedly involves â€Å"some software concerning doing a "shadow transaction" to see if there are really enough funds to complete a transaction, before completing the actual transaction† (Masnick, 2013, p. 1). The courts apparently made the correct decisions given the presented evidences and in support for weighing which party has comprehensively provided justification for their respective arguments. 2. Determine the key legal and ethical issues surrounding the ability of pharmaceutical companies to patent and exploit plant-derived substances, and suggest at least one way in which a company might provide compensation besides direct / individual payments. Some of the key legal and ethical issues surrounding the ability of pharmaceutical companies to patent and exploit plant-derived substances include identifying and restricting boundaries for exploiting plant species; using animals or even human beings to test efficacy of

Vision of Future Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vision of Future Education - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the federal government, non-governmental organizations, and policy makers bear the mandate of implementing the vision of future education. The eminent technological advancements will equally define my vision of future education. Indeed, future students and tutors will have an opportunity to adopt various technologies in learning. Such technologies will enable students to join online classes, access academic data, choose their convenient classes and extracurricular activities regardless of their residence. Nevertheless, a limitation in to innovative educational options will limit future academic success. As the study outlines the disparities among students will persist subject to their cultural, economic, gender, and academic needs. In the future, the education system will embrace diverse and advanced learning and instructional tools that will be accessible to all students. The continued growth in technology will present the internet as an effective le arning and research tool. Subject to the foreseen availability of learning opportunities and choice of schools and subjects, students will have a right to combine related credits earned from different schools for purposes of completing a specific educational program. The students will also have an opportunity to study more than what is available in their classrooms. Indeed, future education will adopt extracurricular activities in the academic programs.

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay Example for Free

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay Prison, non-custodial sentences and rehabilitation seem all failed in reducing recidivism; however, there is little and limited evidence to support non-custodial sentences, as well as some people think if rehabilitation could be implemented effectively, it would work. Although the advantage of prison is keeping our society from dangerous people, when it comes to reducing recidivism rate, the effect of prison is disappointing. The public usually think that imprisonment is safer for communities; however, it appears powerless to deter inmates from committing crime again. In the article, â€Å"Study shows building prisons did not prevent repeat crimes†, Fox Butterfield (2002) cites a large-scale study of recidivism from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which investigated up to 272,111 former prisoners in 15 states during the first three years after being released. It found that 67% of inmates broke the law again in three years right after their release in 1994. It is surprised that it does not make any difference to recidivism rate which was studied in 1960’s, and it is even 5% higher than the study done in 1983. In addition, it indicated that the more rearrest records a criminal has, the higher recidivism rate he has. The inmates who have more than 15 prior arrests have 82. 1% of recidivism rate. Nevertheless, according to Emily Kingham’s article (2006), she believes that prison forces offenders to regret and reflect on their behaviour; as for the reason that criminals cannot reject the temptation of committing new crime is because of inadequate provided support. In spite of this, some experts have admitted that prison does not work in terms of reducing recidivism rate (Considering the alternatives 1978; Finckenauer 1988). Some limited evidence has shown that non-custodial sentences may decrease recidivism; regardless of some experts being sceptical about their desired achievements. On the one hand, alternative sentences can help government save money and alleviate over-cramped number of criminals in prison (Considering the alternatives 1978). On the other hand, Kingham(2006) points out that alternative sentences do nothing but return prisoners to their original circumstances, which result in unawareness of their crimes and the onsequences. One study indicated that through one of alternative sentences, intensive probation, recidivism rate is less than 20%; however, the evidence maybe weak as the study has not been completely put into practice (Considering the alternatives 1978). Furthermore, in the Minnesota, alternative sentences have been successfully adopted to keep criminal rate not increasing, but it may not be convinced because of the source not being confirmed (Considering the alternatives 1978) . While some people argue rehabilitation is also failed in reducing recidivism rate, some authors counter that if government could support rehabilitation, recidivism rate would decrease. According to the article, â€Å"Prison†, James O. Finckenauer (1988) cites some studies, which shows that even though the government has already provided with good rehabilitation programmes, they cannot achieve reformatory of inmates. On the other hand, this position is contested by Joan Petersilis (cited in Butterfield 2002), a professor of criminology at the University of California at Irvine and an expert on parole, who says that state governments spent such little money on rehabilitation programs that inmates do not receive sufficient help with drug addition, work skill and preparation for a new life, which may lead increasing recidivism rate. Butterfield (2002) further cites the statement by Mr. Travis, who also argues that criminals return to crime.

Continuous Professional Development Project

Continuous Professional Development Project The purpose of written this paper on continuous professional development was as per the requirement of the Executive Development Project module. In addition to that it was a thirst to know how to improve and broaden my knowledge and skills in order to develop a respectful quality personality in my personal and professional lives. This report will exhibit and define the conscious updating of my professional knowledge and personal characterises. Limitation of the Report The following are some of the limitation faced while doing my Continuous professional Development project. The fact some of my friends, relatives and workmate are working on rotational bases, therefore it took me a lot of time to arranging face-to-face interview. Some of the Questionnaire feedback were received late. Emotional embedded feedback from others. Methodology/Approach Sample The samples represented in this study were gathered during the period between April and September, 2007. Questionnaires, Interviews, visits, Electronic Mail and SMS were used to obtain the required information from a mixture of Family members, relatives, friends, classmates, and workmate. Fifty completed questionnaires were returned out of fifty, 10 SMS were received, forty face-to-face interviews, ten phone interviews were conducted in addition to 7 home visits. Interviews An interview is an intentional interaction between persons in which one person seeks information from another person. Interviews can take place face-to-face or by other modes of personal interaction (York, 1998). As mentioned previously forty face-to-face interviews and ten phone interviews were conducted. Usually when I needed to obtain information from managers, supervisor and people whom I do not know very well I used to do Face-to-face interviews. As well as there sometimes could be non-common question, that you can not ask everyone. The fact that I would be on the opposite rotation (field employee) with others colleagues I used to call them and carry on the interview via the phone. I did interviews, because some of my friends, relatives and family do not speak or read English. Questionnaire English and Arabic questionnaire were used due to the reasons presented earlier. Close-ended questions were used as this provided cooperation and more likely to get responses rather then the open-ended structures. Even though answer choices were made available, respondent had the option of offering their own responses at the end of the questionnaire as there were some of the open-ended questions. SMS Well you my wonder how did I used this method to gather the necessary information. Speaking the fact, samples I illustrated above you can not get all data that you need or they may have thought of at that moment or by filling questionnaire. There could be missed points, so what I thought of is that whenever someone remembers or something pup up in his mind S/he would send me SMS, well indeed it worked. Electronic Mail As it being an easy way of distribution, I used E-mail for the purpose of distributing and gathering the questionnaires feedback. About Myself The below lines are not an evaluation of my personal, academic or professional career, it is just a background or an overview of myself as per the requirements by the module. Personal Due to the crises occurred in Oman, prior Sultan Qaboos bin Said crowned as a Sultan of Sultanate of Oman, many Omani travels around the world (India, Pakistan, Iran and East-Africa) for the sake of living a good life and business as well. My father and my grand father (mother side) were one of the people, who moved to Tanzania and got married there. There I was born; I am Saud Ali Saleh Al-Omairi, born in 28th August, 1978 in East Africa- Tanzania in a small village called Sikonge one of the six districts of the Tabora Region. My mother says that, I was named Nasser, but unfortunately everyday I was a non-stop crying machine, so they thought of changing my name to Saud due to that! Well its their myth, and I cant argue with that, because indeed I stopped crying. Another story that I could remember been told is that, when I was born I was so fat, that there was a competition, where I got the second fattest babe award. I get two sisters and I got four brothers, where I am the youngest of all. The fact of being the youngest of all, I been called Mother spoiled boy where everything I wanted it I could get it. We stayed in Tanzania till I was five years old, when my father decided, that its the time to get back to Muscat in the year of 1983. Well we leaved in Athaibah-Muscat, in a rental wooden house for a couple of years, and then we moved to Maabelah-Muscat in 1985. One of the things I could remember, that is there used to be only one school, where my sister used to study in the morning and I used to go to school in the afternoon. Well that was only for a couple of years, and the government built another school just near by our house. Considering the school was near by, at break time I used to jump the school walls and get back home for a fast meal and get back to school again. One thing made me stop doing that, is that one day I was wearing light shoes, so on my jump, underneath there was a broken bottle of coca cola or red wine I dont recall, what I do remember is that I was at the hospital and my foot was stitched and a slap. Prior 1990 my father slipped in the toilet and felled on his back and got paralysed, and died in 1990. By that time I was eleven years old, just four years later my eldest brother got an accident, just 2km away from home and died due to internal bleeding. So now I get three brothers and two sisters. I graduated from college in 1999 and directly started my first career with National Bank of Oman. One year later, in 2000 I got married to my classmate; well my eyes were spotted on her since the first day she walked into the classroom. For the time being I get one daughter, she is four years old and a son who is one year and half. Well our first child was a boy, but he died on the delivery. Academic I finished my secondary school grade in 1996, but my grade was not sufficient enough for my to go in university, so I entered Muscat Technical Industrial College (High Technical College (Now)) in Information Technology major, where I met my lovely wife. When I entered the college my first ambition was to graduate with high grade and join the university as the first ten in all college over Oman (5 colleges) were given opportunities to complete their study at the university. Well I did what I was into it I graduated with distinction and got the second place. Looking to the fact where my family needed help I stopped dreaming about university and joined the work force in 1999. Well the opportunity came back again to join the University as a part time study, so in 1999 I entered the university and graduated in 2000. Now am doing my MBA program at university of Bedfordshire. Professional Talking about my professional career, I have joined several companies during my professional career. First during my study at the college I worked at a Shell petrol Station as a petrol station man and the next year I worked at Burger King, where my duties were preparing sandwiched, cleaning and customer services. When I graduated I joined the National Bank of Oman in 1999 as a programmer. Two years later I joined Schlumberger Oilfield Company, where I challenge myself and professions as being an IT graduate to work in a totally different discipline and became an oilfield specialist. Well the plan did not go well, I had an argument with our manager due to our contract agreement, and so two years later I resigned and stayed jobless for three month. After that as part time job I worked for a Forex Trade Market, where we used to trade on currency in the international market, another professions change for me. Well two month later I joined a public sector (public authority for Social Assurance) as a Computer Technician. Things did not go well too as my approach was a private sector relation, where in Oman it is totally different in public sector it is all about who is in control and commend. I did not like the situation over there, so I got another opportunity at Gulf business Machine (IBM Distributor-Gulf region). Now am working at Occidental Oil and Gas (Oman) Ltd. is wholly-owned subsidiaries of Occidental Petroleum Corporation an international oil and gas exploration and production company based in the United States and headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Critical Events, Activities and Experiences Prior commencing analysing my characteristic, behaviour, previous and current career position and planning my career development, first I thought to underline some of the facts and most significant event happened in my life in my opinion, that altered my career and life. Professional Looking for better opportunities Resigning from Schlumberger, where I did not have another job Personal Religious Believes. Getting married at earlier age, 21. Choosing between joining universities and joining the work force. Joining the Karate Club. Academic Working while studying, Studying while working. Doing the MBA program. Analyse of Critical Event and Personality A continuous professional development log consists of a list of issues in my point of view that is related to my progression in development. This log later is used to create a development agenda. Therefore in order to create my CPD log I followed steps as suggested by Megginson and Whitaker, 2007, which I founded convenient for me to analyse some of the facts, my characterises, personality, professions and my personal life. Limitation There is always constraint in everyones career progression and life; there could be some rear cases, where the path is widely opened. Skills deficits Being short in skills was not a wall which stood against my development progression, am a self confident and I do believe in my skills capability. Fixing fuzziness A good example illustrated by Megginson and Whitaker, 2007 in Big Rock Story, its about the order I put the things into my life, put the big things first, so the little ones can fit later. When I was studying in school I did not have a proper plan for myself the only things that were on my agenda were as follow: Joining University Join Work Force Getting Married/Kids Build a house Now my Agenda is: Build a house Completing My Study PHD Professional Development Management Professional Development Supervision Completing My Study MBA Attitude Our attitude towards life has a great impact on our professional progress. We can change through choosing our attitude, attitude are learned and can be changed over time. ( Megginson and Whitaker, 2007). 100% of the responses indicated that am an arguer in most of the discussions especially non-work related issues. This attitude always drives me toward a defensive communication habits in most of the times. Priorities first and Preventing procrastination Our religion encouraged us to do changes in our self first then others, how you can change someone else if you dont change yours first. Going back on my career development I did delay my university study to join the work force that was due to family needs. Well somehow I managed to carry on my studies while working, because I committed my self and still toward a target that is planned. Succeeding for self I do not usually seek for someone opinion to know if am successful or not, or look what someone has achieved. I do consider my self successful if I do what is supposed to do frankly and in proper way, as well if I meet my plan agenda. My parents did not draw my path so I would be a pilot, doctor or an engineer. They gave me the choice to do what I believe in, I achieve my definition of success not someone elses definition. Well in seeking the opinion on the above, 70% responded that am rarely influenced by others, 20% always, 30% not at all. Living the presents In interviews I wanted to know how often I talked about the happy and bad moments in my life. Without been surprised by the answers, 95% replied that I always mentioned the happy moments and hated discussing on bad ones. 5% replied that I talked about it equally. I do believe in one thing, letting go bad moments we can give full attention to the present. If our time is spent on regrets and we are focused on the past, we have less attention and energy to explore our future development and to ask what can I do today that will enhance my future career? solutions-focused approaches to development help us to get away from a deficit-oriented approach to the past and are increasingly used in coachng ( Berg and Szabo, 2005) and in change management (Jackson and McKergow, 2002). Developing An Extraordinarily Realistic Self-Image The priority that we give to any issue depends on how relevant that subject is to us. In order for me to identify where I need to put energy into my own development, its necessary to develop what (Inglis, 1994) calls an ERSI. The output of this consideration of where I stand now will be my development needs to be addressed. As defined by (Megginson and Whitaker, 2007) colleting data to create ERSI will need my attention to the following sources: Work itself Reflection by self Feedback from others Individual psychometric and self-diagnostic measures Organizational metrics Professional metrics the CPD scanner. Work Itself This will assist me to assess how much I enjoy my current role and to explore how I see my career at the moment. Pinch points at work Viewing the current position where am I now, I can underline some of the issues that are faced. It is very rear for me to get feedback or guidance from my superior, unless there is critical situation needed to be resolved. Sometime I would spend the whole weeks at my office desk without a visit by my superior or a call. Our assessment is usually done ones a year and it is a very short amount of time I spend it with my superior and discuses issues as well as my development plan, which is unfortunately just words in paper. Since my last assessment which was on February, 2007 till now nothing was discussed between me and my superior about my development which was plan in my assessment sheet in year 2007. Utilizing my knowledge and skills is another aspect where it is missed. I could say in my current position am only utilizing 50% of my skills and knowledge. Can these be resolved? Well speaking the fact it is the fact that am being living it for two years now, and other employees as well. In my opinion most of the above issues is related to management line, and changes could be done I do not mean by changing management, but enhancing the way things are carried out is the most convenient way to solve issues. Fizzing in the stretch zone Exercising activity on fizzing in the stretch zone by (Megginson and Whitaker, 2007) to identify my career plateau. My score was 18, which indicated that am in need to identify what can I do differently to increase my work self-esteem. Am at the comfort zone, where I am on daily work routine nothing is exciting. Its been long time since I been in the stretch zone where I felt work excitement, thus a need for a change will be significant. A weekly review progress will be helpful. Career metaphor The best Metaphor that could describe my career is Nomad or Bedouin or what we call them in Middle East Badu. Bedouin travel by camel from oasis to oasis, following a traditional way of life. This metaphor represent they way my career was, I tend to frequently change my professional career from one position to another, that in my opinion helped me in gaining more skills and experience. Changing professions always excite me, where I tend to do what I was not doing before. As previously mention in my life background I had a series of highs and lows in my career. I used to be a programmer then a Field technician, where I used to be in higher position and earn much higher then when I was in the public sector. Although that is the cause of changing professions where you tend to try new things, but my rewards are the experience I have gained, which lead me to better earning. Now I feel that am in need of a steady career development in upward progression. Development issues emerging from reflection Johari Window Johari window is a psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955, used to help people better understands their interpersonal communication and relationships. It is used primarily in self-help groups and corporate settings (wikipedia). In 2006 I attended a course on Leadership; one of the things was as an exercise for us to work on Johari Window. The following were on the blind area: Team Contributor Short Temper written 3 times Defensive attitude Helpful Being Magnificent? Whats stopping me from being magnificent? I believe the following are the constraints that limit me performance, that stop me from being magnificent. Not being able to utilize all my skills and experience Not being able to show my capabilities. Working environment Mural is Zero No Opportunities. Short vision of my current position by the management. Purpose and values and Self-actualisation My main purpose and value are distinguished between home and work the progression toward superior or line management path is my work purpose. Establishing a respectful and friendly family relationship is my home value. They are my principle points along my development all the way. It is unclear where am I heading toward my development career. There is nothing excite me that indicate a progression. Currently in my position am a Sr. technical engineering assistant, where I have reached the maximum allowable grade in this position, therefore my intentions would stop over here if I continued my career at the same position. Am spending time doing what is expected for me to do achieving one task after another. (Maslow, 1943) came with the notion of self-actualisation the state at the top of his hierarchy of needs where a person is so engaged in an activity that they lose all track of time. Now I feel like am losing my purpose, which lead to work stress. Reflection Reflection is an opportunity to check out our personal and professional congruence ( Megginson and Whitaker, 2007). Through out my career time, I have experienced moments (mention previously), that turns the way I used to think. It made think twice and wisely before I could make a decision, thats why the habit of hesitation in making decision is always in me. Reflection had an impact in my life as well as my career the following summarize this: Professional Looking for better opportunities Frequently Career Change ( Job Change ) through out where I have gained more skills and experience, that allowed me be capabilities of handling various organizational positions and tasks. Resigning from Schlumberger, where I did not have another job Here I learned how to take responsibilities and make well thought-out of my decisions. Learned to judge the consequences of my actions , that could affect my career and life as well. Personal Religious Believes kept me away from being enrolled into gangsters and drugs issues, as of I lived in a very corrupted area (Maabelah), where two of my friends died as they were involved in drug business. Getting married at earlier age lead me to be more accountable in my actions, decision making, and responsibilities. Choosing between joining university and joining the work force Achieving my goals is not always should be someones else goals, although I did joined the work force to help my family, but that was my choice not a family request, as I believed that I there would be another opportunity to join the university. Joining the Karate Club taught me self discipline, order, self confidence, and team work. Academic Working while studying, Studying while working guided me to be more self commitment toward my tasks and responsibilities. Feedback This mirror fulfilment with personal feedback, especially information workers receive about their performance and how they are being judged. Gaining appropriate feedback In our organization feedback on our career development and performance is a paper-based employment formal procedure called the annual appraisal Enhancement Organizational Performance (EOP), no certain study has been carried out by the organization to verify if its work or no, or is it really applied as per the requirement. I dont feel like am getting the right feedback on my development from my superior, its like a Christmas only happens once a year. That was about my professions feedback, regarding my life and personal feedback I intended to interview and questioning people who know me well, and have experienced lot of things with me, like colleagues, friends, family and relatives. Questionnaire and Interview Feedback Its really surprised my how sometime you dont know about yourself, people may see things on you thats you arent aware of. I think I would continue explore my self through this techniques as it get some of the facts and reality am missing. The following summarized the collected feedback from questionnaire and interviews Arguer, defensive attitude and Hard to be convinced Sensitive, emotional and short temper Self confident Hardly decision maker Adventurous Open mind and Out going Friendly, kind, helpful and Cheerful Social Man Hard worker, Team Player, Clever and Talent person. Great Karate Player Care about others more than himself Never say No if he can do something Punctual Self-Assessment Metrics Metrics can enable us to know more about ourselves, to understand others better and to a limited extent can help us set an agenda for personal change in building a realistic picture of my self, metrics can be useful. Personality Frameworks Personality frameworks, however, do not present a direct agenda for change. Additionally, it is very difficult and largely fruitless to strive to change our personality. Therefore to analyse my personality I shall need to get feedback from others, to do so I will give you some of the feedback from my family, relatives, friends, colleagues, workmate and managers. In addition to that I have done a well know Dr.Phill Test as well as another test called Jung Typology Test ENFJ ( Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging), the results were as below: Dr. Phil Test My result was 38 and as per analyse of the results indicate that others see me as sensible, cautious, careful practical. They see me as clever, gifted, or talented, but modest. Not a person who makes friends too quickly or easily, but someone whos extremely loyal to friends you do make and who expect the same loyalty in return. Those who really get to know me realize it takes a lot to shake your trust in your friends, but equally that it takes me a long time to get over if that trust is ever broken. Mostly I do agree with Dr.Phil, this really describe my characteristic and my personality analyse, but some how there is something I dont feel like applies to me which is the way I do make friends, well in my opinion I feel I get very quickly or easily with people. Going back to my questionnaire and interviews I did ask about how do they think about the way a get along with people. Responses were 95% responded that am a social man, 3% solitary and 2% not sure!. 100% responded easily can get along with me, 0% hardly. Jung Typology Test This test is based on Carl Jung and Isabel Myers-Briggs typological approach to personality. The results showed that my personality type is slightly expressed extravert 22% , moderately expressed intuitive personality 25%, distinctively expressed feeling personality 62%, which is same is Dr.Phil analyse as well as my findings. And last am slightly expressed judging personality 1%. Personality theorists suggest, to come to terms with how we are and to recognize what our type can bring to our chosen work. Organisational Metrics This is where we assess our own needs and aspirations in terms of professional standards and organizational expectations Organisational Goals The core capabilities required and which defined in EOP- Enhancemnet Organizational Performance are as follow: Understanding the organizational objectives and goals In terms of Production (Oil, Gas, Water) Enhancing the overall performance using business operational tool and techniques Our personal Agenda as predefined for us: Continuous Improvement. Accountability Learning: Challenges New operational tools introduced to the field. Awareness of the available resources and their capabilities. Development Training is required. Leadership Competence Leadership is the achievement of a goal through the course of human assistants. The man who successfully gather together his human team-mate to achieve particular ends is a leader. A great leader is one who can do so day after day, and year after year, in a wide variety of circumstances.( Harvard Business Review, 2004). Most leaders believe in short terms about own leadership style. To develop your leadership ability, however, you need to be more aware of how you lead. A leader is someone who influence others. We all have an image of a leader. you may have heard the myth that Leaders are Born, Not Made! However, numerous leadership studies and programs have shown that individuals with a desire to do so, can take steps to learn, practice and improve their leadership capabilities and develop into leaders. The following highlights on my leadership competences, through out the leadership style test I did. Test 1. Leadership Leadership Style Questionnaire can be found at (www.exsel.mtu.edu). A Well representative test on leadership style, the test is divided into section Leadership Questionnaire My score were 12 P: Concern for people and 4 T: Concern for Task. By drawing a straight line to illustrate an intersection where my shared leadership style is. The point was 8 where it indicate as of being an autocratic and Laissez-Faire leadership style, by mean a high morale and productivity leadership. What Kind of Animal am I? (Lion, Otter, Golden Retriever or Beaver) My highest visual point was 29 Otter and 29 Golden Retriever that concluded: Understing the Key O (Otter) and I (Golden Retriever) Influencing and steadiness style My basic Motivation: recognition, approval, relationships and appreciation this really reflect the need which am missing. Desires situations allow: opportunity to help others, opportunity to motivate people, platform to verbalize ideas, having clearly defined goals and the steps to reach them and being part of a team. Responds best to other who: allows them to work at their own pace, provide personal support, democratic and friendly and provide recognition of abilities. Needs to learn that: time control helps, deadlines are important, change can provide opportunity, you can be :best friends with everybody and listening to others is great, but sharing their own needs and feelings is important. Behavioural Tendencies: Optimistic and people oriented Socially oriented, emotionally energetic Motivated by: loyalty, social recognition: need companionship and group support. Basic Fear: rejection, disapproval in relationships, task criticism( I often interpret this as personal rejection), and loss of stability Limitation: unorganized in accomplishing tasks, possessiveness and adherence to code of order and desire for tranquillity limits my ability to act decisively or face difficult situations. I do strongly agree with the test as it really reflect my leadership behaviour and personality Test 2. Leadership Leadership Style Questionnaire can be found at (http://ocha.unog.ch); http://ochaonline.un.org/ ; United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. This test illustrate the way I do apply my leadership style (directive, democratic, and non-directive/Delegative) which reflect my trend in a specific situation. As pervious test illustrated its seems like I am keen to democratic concern for people in my leadership style, beside to non-directive/ Delegative style Here I found out that I am mostly democratic or emergent, this is an indication for me to work harder on developing my other side of style Directive Style. SWOT Analyses Considering previous analyses pointing on SWOT analysis, this will spotlight on my strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats. (S)trengths My positives aspects in being Experienced and Educated Team work, good technical (computer, oil field) and administrative skills. Talented, good contact network. (W)eaknesses My negative aspects in being Short temper and arguer Fear of rejection. Lack of directive leadership skills (O)pportunities In process of enhancing my academic education and profession skills (opportunity for progression) (T)hreats Lack of training provide by my employer. No further grade in my current position unless I change the post. Prioritising needs and Selection World class me World class me is the consideration of all aspects of life including work-related and personal-related areas as well. Things outside work can influence indirection or directly to our work and the other way around too. My world class is not perfect, as my direction is toward accomplishing things only, I need to progress my profession. In addition I need to settle my family at our own house not rental, where there is always a chance of movement from one place to another, by which my family got fed up. There is mess somehow, need for focus is required (profession and personal). Interview Myself My ideal job is working for an organization which cares more about staff development, ideal working environment(recreation, social activity, entertainment). These are simple needs a field employee requires as of being working in desert away from the family. Goals and Plans Some people love plans and other hate it, some people are planners and other emergent. By exercising the activity Planned or Emergent Learning my scores were Planned:23 and Emergent:25. This placed me at Sage, that illustrate my ability to find my own development. My CPD Log By the informati

How Does Exodus Story Reflect Gods Presence Religion Essay

How Does Exodus Story Reflect Gods Presence Religion Essay In many ways the narrative of Exodus Chapters 1-15 may be considered the birth story of Israel as a people. The book of Exodus opens with Israel suffering oppressively as slaves in Egypt, but in the end of the story (Exodus 14-15), the hand of God delivered them through the Reed Sea to a new life beginning at Mt. Sinai where they will become Gods covenant people. 1 1 Bruce C. Birch, Walter Brueggeman, Terence E. Fretheim David L. Petersen A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament Nashville, TN: Abingdom Press, 1999. P. 93 Verses 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6 sum up the history of Israel as a clan, as described more thoroughly in Genesis chapters 12à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ50. These six verses remind us that all that is going to take place in Exodus is directly related to what has gone before as described in Genesis. The curse of God in Genesis 3 included hard toil, which is surely the lot of Israel in Egypt. The salvation of mankind, as promised also in Genesis 3, was through the birth of a child. So too it was through the birth of a child (Moses, Exod. 2) that God provided a deliverer for His people. As men strove to provide themselves with security and significance by the building of a city and a tower, using bricks and mortar, so Egypt sought to secure herself by forcing the Israelites to build cities with bricks and mortar (compare Gen. 11 with Exod. 1:14; 5:1). Most importantly, this portion of the introduction to the Book of Exodus (Exod. 1:1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6) links the existence and rapid growth of Israel as a nation to the covenant that God made with Abraham (Gen. 12:1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ3), which He reiterated to the patriarchs (Gen. 26:2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5, 24; 28:13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ15). The close of the Book of Genesis anticipated the situation existing at the opening of the Book of Exodus. A numerous people had developed from the twelve sons of Jacob. The Land had been promised to Abrahams descendants to be occupied when a people sufficient to inhabit and control it was ready. Exodus is the account of the final stage toward that readiness. It is the book of the birth of two special sons: Moses, the son of a couple from the tribe of Levi (2:1-2), and Israel, the firstborn son of the Most High God. Having become a numerous people, God brings forth a fledgling nation, created by His sovereign grace and cared for out of His steadfast love (1:1-18:27). The Exodus from Egypt constitutes the birth of Gods Son-Nation (1:1-15:21). Israel had been segregated in the land of Goshen as part of the divine plan for creating a unique people from the descendents of Abraham (Gen. 46:28-34) and had become a basically homogeneous entity over the course of the 430-year sojourn in Egypt. Harsh treatment by a Pharaoh unsympathetic to the children of Israel hurried the crisis that would result in their expulsion from the womb of Egypt. Yahweh for his part provides and prepares his deliverer for the eventual deliverance of the nation from Egyptian bondage (2:1-4:31). At this point the birth of the deliverer, Moses, becomes the focus of the book. Moses is cast out by his mother and then taken in by none other than Pharaohs daughter. As Egypt had been used providentially to care for the clan of Abraham so the King of Egypt would afford a Hebrew child the best that the country had to offer in terms of upbringing and education (2:1-10). However, before Moses could lead Israel out of Egypt he himself had to experience exile as he fled from a fearful Pharaoh until God is ready to deliver His people from under a hostile, oppressive king (2:11-4:17). Finally, Moses is appointed as Israels deliverer (3:1-4:17). The appointment of Moses to his task occurs in three phases. All three stages were necessary in order to galvanize this 80 years old man to act on behalf of the LORD God of his fathers (3:15). First, Moses is confronted with the holiness of Yahweh at the burning bush as the mountain of God (3:1-5). Secondly, Moses is asses of the loyal love of Yahweh for his people and called to participate in it (3:6-10). The third phase consisted of Yahweh dispelling four objections that Moses raises regarding his own inadequacy for the task (3:11-4:17), each objection being countered by some aspect of Yahwehs person or purpose. Finally, Aaron is appointed as Moses Spokesman (4:14). By divine revelation God instructed Aaron to meet Moses in the wilderness (4:27). They met on the holy mountain of God. Where Moses had to share the most recent events of his life, especially his encounter with God at the burning bush, the commission he had been given to deliver Israel, and the part which Aaron was to play in it all. Together they both went back to Egypt to petition Pharaoh for the release of Yahwehs firstborn Israel (4:18-31). This image underscores the fact that the nation of Israel already existed in relationship to God. The impact of Gods presence can be seen in the shown down of the ten plaques as well as the crossing of the Reed Sea. Upon Pharaohs first refusal to let Israel go Yahweh reveals his plans for judging unbelief and encouraging the faith of the Israelites (5:1-6:1). God was about to reveal himself in the characteristic embodied in the name YHWH. The purpose of the first encounter was realized, and life got tougher. However, Israel was not yet ready to take YHWH at his word (6:9). With Moses and Aaron already being stretched in their faith, the Lord reissues the command to go to Pharaoh and demand release for Israel (6:10-11). When they object, the Lord restates his expectations (6:13) along with an explanation of his strategy (6:28- 7:7). As one who stands in the place of God to Pharaoh (7:1) Moses will have a ringside seat to the struggle of the unbelieving heart. It is through the stubbornness of this Pharaoh that Yahweh will effect deliverance to Israel, and manifest himself to the w hole nation of Egypt (7:4-5). Moses and Aaron did respond to the revelation of Gods plan and submit to his command (7:6). In the second encounter with Pharaoh Moses announces plagues against the land and its gods in order to secure Israels release (7:8-10:29). The plagues against Egypt were miraculous interventions of the sovereign God of the universe. They were designed to demonstrate the uniqueness of the God of Israel and to deliver the people of Israel from their oppressive hosts. The whole pantheon of Egyptian gods, not least of which was the Pharaoh himself, was being shown to be impotent in the presence of the God of Israel. Finally, Moses last encounter with Pharaoh was the announcement of the plague of the death of all Egypts firstborn, along with the institution of the Passover (11:1-12:36). The tenth plague is set apart from the nine because it is the decisive act of judgment against Pharaoh and the Egyptians, and also it would hold special historical and theological significance for Israel throughout their history through its association with the Passover (12:1-28). The Hebrews calendar woul d now name this as the first month (12:2). The feast would be an everlasting memorial of redemption (12:14) and would remind the nation that her oppressor had been judged for its unbelief (12:23, 27). In addition the associated feast of Unleavened Bread would remind them of their deliverance in haste from Egypt unto a prolonged experience under the blessing of Yahweh. Redemption by blood (from the guilt of sin) on the night of Passover would be matched by redemption by power (from the death of slavery) at the Reed Sea. As promised, the tenth plague is inflicted and the firstborn of man and beast dies (12:29-30) forcing Pharaoh to comply with Yahwehs command, with the consent of the rest of the Egyptians (12:31-36). Though the physical exodus of the people is not really completed at this point, the narrative recounts the first movement of the nation (12:37). Before resuming the actual exodus narrative, additional material is communicated, from the Lord to Moses (12:43-13:2) and from Moses to the people (13:3-16) concerning the Feasts of Passover and Unleavened Bread, and the sanctification of the firstborn. These become the memorials of Israels redemption from Egypt. Having been sparred in the Passover by the blood of the lamb, Israel experiences the completion of her deliverance out of bondage by the power of God as he destroys the pursuing Egyptians (13:17-15:21) portraying him as a divine warrior (15:3) in their song of liberation. Finally, in assessing how God dealt with the characters in the narratives, He chooses Joseph to begin Israels migration to Egypt (Gen. 50:19-20; Exodus 1:5); Pharaoh King of Egypt so as to demonstrate his sovereignty (1:8); Shiphrah and Puah to disregard the Pharaohs decree (1:15); Jochebed to birth Moses (2:2); hide him (2:3) and nursed him (2:9); Pharaohs daughter to adopt and raise Moses (2:5-10); Miriams to keep watch over Moses (2:4); Moses as Israels deliverer (3:10); Aaron as Moses spokesman (4:14); Zipporah, Moses wife to perform circumcision on their son to save Moses from the wrath of God (4:25-26); and Jethro, Moses father-in-law to confess that Yahweh is Supreme (18:9-12). The statement about God hardening Pharaohs heart is often characterized as unfair on the part of the Divine Sovereign with respect to allowing for repentance and faith (4:21; 7:3; 9:12). However, it must be observed that Pharaoh hardened his own heart at least seven times (7:13, 14, 22; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:7) before the Lord took similar action (9:12). Pharaoh was responsible for his own unbelief and therefore fell under the righteous judgment of God. The Lords hardening of Pharaohs heart (after the monarchs unbelief was settled) served to heighten the judgment of the plagues so as to more effectively display His own power and majesty, which in the long run may have actually brought others to repentance. ____________________________________________________________________________

Workplace Diversity Essay -- Racial Diversity, Ethnic Diversity

Diversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes individual variation by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feels included. It means acknowledging that other people, other races, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world. Valuing diversity is the recognition that there are many ways of viewing the world, solving problems, and working together. Workplace diversity is the differences people bring in an organization. It encompasses learning and interacting with people who share different opinions, backgrounds from us and creating an environment which fosters diverse views and opinions. It does not only involve how people perceive or relate to themselves but how they perceive others and these perceptions do affect their interactions. â€Å"Most diversity experts believe that the significant distinctions are race, ethnicity, culture, religion, language, nation of origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities, occupation, and class† (Leo Parvis, 2003). Complications begin from workplace difficulties to diversity which can disorganize and create a hostile environment. These threats, if not exposed and resolved through effective leadership, will lead to loss of potential and ultimately failure in the undertakings of the organization. Furthermore, diversity is in an elevated studying curve and similar to others continuin... ...ity is an important aspect in the workplace. We need diversity to offer the best service to customers, employees, affiliated companies, and share holders. Diversity offers personal difference in the people we work with. It is every employee's responsibility to ensure diversity is valued in the workplace. In every organization, employees should be open-minded and treat others with dignity, respect, courtesy and consideration and not tolerate harassment or discrimination. This creates a workplace that encourages learning and associating with people from diverse groups. With a diverse working environment and an equally diverse opportunity, the sky is the limit to what you can achieve during your career. In addition to a very important requirement when people deal with diversity is when there is a promotion of a "safe" place for people to communicate (Koonce, 2001).

The Role of Computers in Our Future :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Role of Computers in Our Future As far as computers in the future, I feel that they are going to play a major role. They will be in everyday life, in everything we do. There will be many areas affected by the wide use of computers. Areas such as: home, work, schools, automobiles, electronics, and humans. Although these areas are already affected, they will be even more as we move into the future. To begin this discussion I will show you the effects on the work place and humans. As for humans in the work place, work will become easier. So this means less stress for humans because the computers will be doing all the work. This in turn means that humans will be doing less and less because the computers will be slowly taking over. As for a human going to work, this may only consist of telling a computer what to do all day. Or even from your own home, waking up and telling your computer what to do so you do not even have to go into work. Now for communication with computers, this may get so advanced that your computer may even ask you questions about the work it is doing and that you are getting paid to do. So this is where I see computers going as far as work and humans. Now for computers in the schools, I feel we will soon have no books and all work will be done on computers. Even homework will be done on the internet and e-mailed to the teacher. Children will be taught about computers at a younger and younger age. This in turn will make the younger generations more and more skilled in electronics and understanding how they work. This will have a very large impact on they way projects and or work is viewed. The next step is computers in the home. Computers will play a major role in homes. They will automatically pull the bread in to toast it with no lever. It will in turn tell you how your food is doing while it is cooking in the microwave and then tell you when it is done. Now to enter your own home you may only have to say â€Å"open door†. The computer will automatically scan your voice and unlock the door and let you in. So this is how I feel that computers will affect the home steed. The Role of Computers in Our Future :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers The Role of Computers in Our Future As far as computers in the future, I feel that they are going to play a major role. They will be in everyday life, in everything we do. There will be many areas affected by the wide use of computers. Areas such as: home, work, schools, automobiles, electronics, and humans. Although these areas are already affected, they will be even more as we move into the future. To begin this discussion I will show you the effects on the work place and humans. As for humans in the work place, work will become easier. So this means less stress for humans because the computers will be doing all the work. This in turn means that humans will be doing less and less because the computers will be slowly taking over. As for a human going to work, this may only consist of telling a computer what to do all day. Or even from your own home, waking up and telling your computer what to do so you do not even have to go into work. Now for communication with computers, this may get so advanced that your computer may even ask you questions about the work it is doing and that you are getting paid to do. So this is where I see computers going as far as work and humans. Now for computers in the schools, I feel we will soon have no books and all work will be done on computers. Even homework will be done on the internet and e-mailed to the teacher. Children will be taught about computers at a younger and younger age. This in turn will make the younger generations more and more skilled in electronics and understanding how they work. This will have a very large impact on they way projects and or work is viewed. The next step is computers in the home. Computers will play a major role in homes. They will automatically pull the bread in to toast it with no lever. It will in turn tell you how your food is doing while it is cooking in the microwave and then tell you when it is done. Now to enter your own home you may only have to say â€Å"open door†. The computer will automatically scan your voice and unlock the door and let you in. So this is how I feel that computers will affect the home steed.

Euthanasia :: Medical Assisted Suicide Drugs Essays

Euthanasia In recent years, Euthanasia has become a very heated debate. It is a Greek word that means "easy death" but the controversy surrounding it is just the opposite. Whether the issue is refusing prolonged life mechanically, assisting suicide, or active euthanasia, we eventually confront our socity's fears toward death itself. Above others, our culture breeds fear and dread of aging and dying. It is not easy for most of the western world to see death as an inevitable part of life. However, the issues that surround euthanasia are not only about death, they are about ones liberty, right to privacy and control over his or her own body. So, the question remains: Who has the right? Under current U.S. law, there are clear distinctions between the two types of euthanasia. One group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -withdrawal of life support, referred to by some as passive euthanasia- has been specifically upheld by the courts as a legal right of a patient to request and a legal act for a doctor to perform. A second group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -physician-assisted death, referred to by some as active euthanasia- is specifically prohibited by laws in most states banning "mercy killing" and is condemned by the American Medical Association. Although it is not a crime to be present when a person takes his or her life, it is a crime to take direct action intentionally designed to help facilitate death--no matter how justifiable and compassionate the circumstances may be.1 With active euthanasia, it is the doctor who administers the lethal drug dose. Since it is tantamount to homicide, the few U.S. docto rs who perform it have been brought to trial but none of them have ever been convicted and imprisoned. Modern interest in euthanasia in the United States began in 1870, when a commentator, Samuel Williams, proposed to the Birmingham Speculative Club that euthanasia be permitted "in all cases of hopeless and painful illness" to bring about "a quick and painless death." The word "painless" is important: the idea of euthanasia began gaining ground in modern times not because of new technologies for agonizingly prolonging life but because of the discovery of new drugs, such as morphine and various anesthetics for the relief of pain, that could also painlessly induce death. Over the next three decades Williams's proposal was reprinted in popular magazines and books, discussed in the pages of prominent literary and political journals, and debated at the meetings of American medical societies and nonmedical professional associations.

The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct

The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased? Emmanuel Mueke Author Note Emmanuel Mueke. Independent Researcher. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Emmanuel Mueke, P. O. Box 44935 – 00100. Nairobi, Kenya. Contact: [email  protected] com Abstract This paper explores the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct as regards the issue of multicultural and diverse professional practise.Its aim is to establish whether diversity and cultural variety and differences are adequately provided for in the body of the document. Psychologists are mandated to provide services to a multitude of culturally diverse and varied clients in a manner that is both professional and ethical. In such situations cultural sensitivity is fundamental and has been elevated to best practice. The code has been question ed as to the efficacy of its cultural sensitivity; firstly in terms of whether the code itself is culturally encapsulated and secondly whether there exists an explicit or implicit cultural bias.To address this issue we shall undertake a look at the code; its inherent limitations and shortcomings. Secondly the issue of the importance of cultural sensitivity and its translated application in matters of ethical service delivery shall be addressed. Keywords: APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct, ethics, multicultural, diversity, bias. The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased?Cultural sensitivity and professional ethics are central to the provision of psychologists’ services; this has led to the APA issuing guidelines in an effort to ensure that best practice is not only aspired to but more importantly achieved. This paper examines the Code of Conduct and the pursuant Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002). Analysis of these documents will establish the existence of mechanisms to ensure protection against cultural bias and effective promotion of cultural sensitivity.Literature Review In the 2002 APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct several principles were outlined to ensure that cultural sensitivity was adopted as the guiding policy for practicing psychologists. The first mention of the issue of diversity and its effect on professional practice is in Principle E, which engenders awareness of and respect for cultural differences and admonishes the practitioners to try and eliminate the effect of biases upon their work and not to condone any activities of others based on prejudice. Further under Section 3. 1, unfair discrimination on any basis including culture is prohibited, combined with Section 3. 03 which admon ishes the practitioners from engaging in any behaviour that would be demeaning to a person of different culture. The issue of ethical provision of services is not just about preventing discrimination or harassment to persons of different cultures but it is also about ensuring that they are provided with adequate and competent services as they well deserve; to this effect Section 2. 01 provides what has been termed a boundary of competence.The boundary is intended to ensure that the services provided are effective in the specific circumstances faced; to this effect first it limits a psychologist to only undertake to provide services within the boundary of his expertise, education and experience and secondly it mandates that a psychologist must undertake the training or education necessary to provide the requisite services to the target populace, this training or education taking into account all factors that have a bearing on effective service delivery such as age, gender, ethnicity et cetera.Lastly under Section 9. 06 (APA, 2002) when interpreting assessment results a psychologist is mandated to take into account all the factors relevant, including the cultural differences of the assessment subject, that might nuance the results in any way. To translate these into effective practice the APA published the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002); which was meant to embody diversity aspirations for professionals.This document built on the precedent established by the Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations (APA, 1990). It translated the Principles previously outlined into six different guideline rules with the appropriate commentary on the way to best achieve such targets. The guidelines are; 1. Psychologists are encouraged to recognize that, as cultural beings, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detri mentally influence their perceptions of and interactions with individuals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves 2.Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness, knowledge, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals 3. As educators, psychologists are encouraged to employ the constructs of multiculturalism and diversity in psychological education 4. Culturally sensitive psychological researchers are encouraged to recognize the importance of conducting culture-centred and ethical psychological research among persons from ethnic, linguistic, and racial minority backgrounds 5.Psychologists strive to apply culturally-appropriate skills in clinical and other applied psychological practices 6. Psychologists are encouraged to use organizational change processes to support culturally informed organizational (policy) development and practices Discussion The Guidelines admit the existence of a Eurocentric bias in the psychological profession and posit themselves as an ever-evolving solution; changing as further empirical research on the issue is undertaken.Moreover the document places a time limit on its validity in order to spur further research on the issue of multicultural practice. In order to ensure its efficacy the APA set up a task force whose sole purpose was to look into the implementation of the guidelines with a view to providing proper feedback by identifying pertinent implementation and infusion recommendations. The task force produced a report on the infusion of the paradigm shift in service delivery outlining how this should be undertaken; Report of the APA Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines (APA, 2008).The report split the guidelines into two categories the first being those whose implementation fell unto the practitioners and into this category they placed the first and second guidelines. The rest were in the category of thos e whose implementation required facilitation by the APA both in terms of administrative structures and funding; for example the APA was tasked with establishing an Office of Diversity Enhancement and hiring a Chief Diversity Officer to run it. The Office’s purpose is ensuring that there is diversity across the organization which helps with the ethical provision of services across multicultural diversity.Conclusion Having gone through the Code of Conduct, the pursuant Guidelines and the Implementation Report there is no evidence of cultural bias and encapsulation; rather there is incontrovertible evidence of contrived and concerted efforts to address the bias existent in the profession and its philosophy. References American Psychological Association. (1990). Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from www. apa. org/pi/oema/guide. html American Psychological Association. (2 002).Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073. Retrieved from www. apa. org/ethics. code. html American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377-402. (See www. apa. org/pi/multiculturalguidelines/homepage. html) American Psychological Association. (2008). Report of the Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/pi/

Australian Elections Essay

Institutional figuresInstitutional cyphers adjoin to the typeface of the electoral system use in an choice. Institutional factors that potbelly find out the election include compulsory voting, the type of ballot, gerrymanders and malapportionment.Compulsory voting ensures 95 per cen date of Western Australians participate in elections. However, it has been echoed by some academics that compulsory voting favours study parties. This is due to few people doing their avow research into insurance-making parties and voting for parties they discern through the media.The type of ballot apply in an election has the most shape on the regimen issue. In a discriminatory ballot a seat has to be won by an absolute legal while. Which gives an good to major policy-making parties. However, in congenator voting a kindledidate has to drum a derived quota to be elected. This means that a small party or self-sufficing can get elected with as little as 20% of the vote.Gerrymand ers atomic number 18 likewise early(a) major factor that can catch an election. Gerrymanders allow governments to spread electoral boundaries. Governments be thus adapted to pass on more seats by reducing vote wastage in well(p) seats and shifting the wasted votes into borderline seats therefore giving them a better chance to cajole the fringy seats. This carrys to favor the government because they perk up majority deport to change electoral boundaries.Malapportionment is a nonher institutional factor which may fix the election outcome. Malapportionment is a calculation apply to even out an uneven dispersion of population. This is d bingle by increasing the motive of votes in smaller districts. The problem with malapportionment is that it run aways to favor the party or independent who exploits the failing in the electoral system.sociological factorsSociological factors doctor to the determine and attitudes electors deal in. When voters atomic number 1 8 attracted to a particular party this is because they tend to support relatively the same determine and attitudes. This will oft lead the voter to vote for the party they are attracted to. The values and attitudes people obtain are often related to experiences the voters life. The biggest influence on values and attitudes of voters is their family. The fundamental sociological factors include socioeconomic profile, social orbit, religion, geographic location, age and gender.Socioeconomic factors relate to a person social class. amicable class structures of persons are importantly carve up by education achieved, employment social class and income. callable to the recent blurring of policy in major semi governmental parities, voters maintain not been householdificantly polarized by the above ternion particulars. Therefore, socioeconomic factors dont greatly affect election outcomes.Ethnic background relates to migrant origins. Origins of ethnic groups tend to formulate in policy-making opinion. Trends suggest that ethnic communities that come from oppressive regimes vote on the remaining hand wing -Labor-. However, ethnic communities that reincarnate from democratic countries tend to vote salutary wing -Liberal-.Religion has become less(prenominal) of a factor in the outcome of an election. In the past religion has vie a major role in Australian elections. This is due to mainly European migrants universe either pro leavenant or catholic. This division of religion ended in the 1940s possibly due to creative activity War Two. However, religious people generally cast a squareer conservative vote, relative to people with limited or no assimilation with religion.Geographic location in Western Australia has caused strong semipolitical divides. These strong political divides exist between the verdant areas and the city. This division is due to different political and economic requirements needed by unsophisticated and city Western Australia. These different requirements construct been around since foundation so the political division has always been prevalent.Age is an authoritative aspect of the sociological factors. Mature age voters often support conservative accountability wing political parties. Where as, younger voters tend towards voting for left wing political parties. This trend for younger voters to elect left wing parties has been around since the 1970s. Some of the early on young voters stay loyal to left wing political parties.Gender in the last 30 years has play a prevalent role in Australias politics. This is due to the social transition of the role of women. Womens votes tend to be for a conservative party. Some psychologists believe this is because women reject change more then men. However, history has seen that womens votes seen to have been peremptory and lacking in trends.political factorsPolitical factors basically relate to the ability of political parties to wanton away successful decisio ns. Political factors that may affect the election include the governments register, foeman functioning, economic management, leadership, the electoral draw and media.The governments record is an integral part of the party existence re-elected. This is because re-election is a test to see if governments have avoided great controversy and delivered on performance. The examiners for the test are the voters. Great controversy can cause a government to support an election. This is especially true when the controversy relate to gold. This is because voters are scrupulous about were the money is being spent in the community. mathematical process of a government can be measured by how much they have delivered on pre election policy. If voters are thwarted about how much the government has delivered on policy they often wont consecrate the government for another term.Opposition performance relates to how weak or strongly the opposer party has performed. In order for an opposition party to gain votes and possibly win an election. The opposition party essential successfully identify a policy helplessness of the existing government. The opposition party must then develop alternative policy options for the voters. However, if an existinggovernment is clearly red to be defeated in the near election. The best tactic for an opposition would be to make few policy commitments. scotch management is possibly the greatest factor in elections. Economic stability and favorableness in a government is fundamentally one of the most grand issues. profitability is more than just a government being in an account surplus. It also includes the ability of a government to permit successful funding to public systems. constancy refers to no great economic fluctuations. Voters stand confidence in governments if economic conditions are always changing. lead is important for a party. This is because often people look at the figurehead of the party, rather then the party as who le. Spin doctors or throw consultants work on m any factors of a leaders profile. This is to make them as appealing to the public as possible. Leadership also includes how well the leader can hold the party together. This demonstrates a sign of strength to the voters. Strength alludes to the factors of authority and power.The electoral campaign decisions a party has to make include timing to start the campaign, advertize campaigns and areas to target. Timing to start an electoral campaign is important. If a campaign is to cfall back to the election date key policy may not be heard by voters. If the campaign is announced too right away it will give the opposition time to criticize the policy of the governments. Advertising is dearly-won and if it is done wrong it can be costly, however, if it is done correctly it can win an election. In recent times portion media is a great way to force this is due to its impact and coverage. However, mass media denote has to be carefully cons tructed, this is to minimize any chance of a mistake. Where to target denote can also be an important decision. Parties often tend to heavily circulate in marginal seats, however, this policy has been costly. This is because other seats have lost support for the party and swung to another party.Media is seen as one of the greatest influences on modern politics. Due to the introduction of television and radio word about politics is always beingarticulated. This is because people use media as the main medium to decide on political parties. However, recent pools suggest that media being so influential is overrated. This is due to free to transfer media needing to gain ratings to sell advertising. Thus, if a political party is unpopular it would not be in the medias best pursuit to support the party. As the media could potentially lose ratings. It is echoed by John Willmott that media doesnt dress circle political opinion it just except enforces it.