Are Smartphones Running Our Lives free essay sample

As of September 2013 73% of adults are using at least one social media site. Over the years technology has gotten more advance people are able to update, tweet, and blog from the access of any area now. Just a few years back there was no such thing as texting, Facebook or Twitter you would have to talk to someone in person. This act has slowly been decreasing, giving the opportunity to see someone face-to-face 11% of people would rather stay home and talk to them through a text or computer. Peoples communication skills are decreasing rapidly, social media are at the tips of our fingers to even incorporated in the dash of your car now. This eliminates the need to pick up a phone or go speak to someone in person, they can see what you’re doing or where you are with one click of a button. In the future you can predict that face-to-face communication will be gone all together with everything being on a computer from school to your job. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Smartphones Running Our Lives? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On your phone now you can download everything you want, from games, books, and other apps. Most people can sit on their phone for hours at a time and not even realize it. From experience you open up a game and tell yourself you’ll only play for 5 minutes then you’ll finish the rest of your homework, you look at the clock and you’ve been playing for an hour. You get to the point you don’t want to even look at homework because it is so late so you blow it all off and take the zero instead. While older adults can focus a little better teenagers and young adults just can’t seem to put their phone down long enough to complete a task. They always have to know who text them back or when they have full lives again on their favorite game to start playing again. In the U. S today more than half of Americans own a smartphone. On your phone you can access any website or information you may ever need. People sleep/ health patterns are decreasing because of the accessibly. Americans are going to bed later because they have their phone right by their bed. This causes them to stay up and play games or even watch a movie at night. Yes, it is nice to be able to look anything up at a given time but it worth losing sleep over a game? Most do not get the right amount of 8 hour sleep you need to function the next day. Being on your phone all night causes laziness, exhaustion, and decreases your overall health the next day. As the years go on smartphones will just be another way of living, the communication skills, focus and health will no longer be the same.

Export to World

Export to World In art, formalism describes the concept that the artistic merit of a work of art is completely established by its form, its medium, and its visual characteristics[1]. Formalism stresses on the elements of the works of art that include shape, color, texture and line while avoiding concepts of realism such as content and context. In the modern world, visual art has been very prominent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Export to World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In visual art, formalism denotes a concept that puts forwards that everything required to understand a work of art is enclosed inside the work of art. Formalism is a method of understanding a work of art that reduces the importance of context in a work of art. In this paper, I intend to look at the Export to world project displayed at the Museum of Modern Arts (MoMA) in New York City and located in Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria. Formalism in the modern wo rld has taken a huge leap and focuses on bringing virtual art and object into the real world. Unlike modeling natural objects that utilizes common paths and well-known tools, export to world shows that modeling man-made phenomena can be engaging and quite interesting. Export to the world is an artistic project that seeks to copy virtual objects from second life and export them to real world by converting them into paper craft models[2]. The project was created on behalf of Ars Electronica by Linda Kostowski and Sascha Pohflepp. Export to world aims at investigating the unclear separation between the virtual world and the real world. The project tries to bring to life the design and production of virtual objects into the real world for observation. In export to world, the form of the virtual object is of the main importance. At the shop in Ars Electronica in Linz, buyers can buy purchased or custom-made virtual objects that are exact replicas to those in the second life market. These real life representations of virtual merchandise are exact copies that even contain the flaws inherent in copying. When a buyer purchases a virtual object in Export to world, he is given a two dimensional paper representation of the virtual object which he can physically fit to form a three dimensional real life object on site[3]. In export to world, the real life object is usually forced to correspond point to point to the virtual object. The prominent examples used in Export to world are the Bubble gum machine and the television set.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The bubble gum machine in second life contains several objects that are joined to form the final virtual merchandise. The most prominent section is the bubble gum glass container. In Export to world, this container is represented as a sphere embedded with several colors such as orange, yellow, red and blue . These colors give the illusion that the sphere is filled with bubble gum. The sphere is covered on the top by a red plate like object. The plate is not smooth but has rough edges common in most low pixel 3-D pictures. Beneath the sphere is a black vase that is connected to a stand that contains a grey rod fitted to a cylindrical base. All these aspects are transferred into the real world in the Ars Electronica shop. A buyer is provided with a paper representation of the object that can be fitted to form an accurate copy of the virtual object. The â€Å"Export to World† project is a fine example that demonstrates the veil between virtual representation and reality is becoming smaller and smaller. In the past, artistic were trying to represent real objects in the virtual world. Modern formalism has changed this and at the moment virtual art and objects are being copied and represented in the real world. Bibliography Bartholl, Aram. â€Å"Second City.† Ars Electronica. 2007. Web. Kaplan Andreas and Haenlein M. â€Å"Consumer use and business potential of virtual worlds: The case of Second Life†. International Journal on Media Management  11, no. 3 (2009): 1-42. Kostowski, Linda and Sascha Pohflepp. â€Å"Export to world. 2007.† Posting to Museum of  Modern Arts. 2007. Web. Footnotes Andreas, K. and Haenlein M. â€Å"Consumer use and business potential of virtual worlds: The case of Second Life†.  International Journal on Media Management 11, no. 3 (2009): 1-42 Linda K. and Sascha P. â€Å"Export to world. 2007,† Posting to Museum of Modern Arts. Aram B. â€Å"Second City†. Ars Electronica.

Colour therapy (chromotherapy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Colour therapy (chromotherapy) - Essay Example The electromagnetic energy is seen through our eyes. Color therapy is a process that applies color and light that is in the form of tools, verbal suggestions, and tools. All these forms are used to balance energy in different parts of the body that have been seen to lack vibrance whether it is physical, emotional, mental or even spiritual. Each color that is used has got different wavelength and energy (Sue & Simon, 25). The energy of the color affects us on all levels both cognitive and psychomotor. The color is absorbed eyes, the skin or the skull. Since every cell in the body requires light energy, color energy is known to have a widespread effect on the entire body. Color therapy is a non-invasive therapy. One should note color preferences so that it can help in finding possible problems. Working with different colors help in dispelling negative feelings and attitudes, free bocks and also helps to re-balance the body both emotionally and spiritually which translates to physical re-balancing (Vijaya, 24). Color therapy is very safe to use alone or can also be used alongside other types of therapy be it orthodox medicine or any other complementary therapy. Chromotherapy is also safe for both children and adults. The energy that relates to each of the seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet goes hand in hand with the energy of each of the seven main energy centers of the body (Sue & Simon, 47). The energy centers are also referred to as chakras. Each chakra needs to work smoothly with for one to be healthy. There should be a balance of the energies in each of the chakras to enhance wellbeing of the body. In color therapy, one is given the color he needs more or else the opposite of the color someone has in plenty. If one prefers certain colors, then it means that one uses the color to express himself. For example, one may choose green if he loves nature. Different types of color therapy can

Performance management assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance management assignment 3 - Essay Example Projection: Based on the projection given, H.C.P is a complete loss making venture. First of all there is an error in projection. According to the business plan H.C.P is saying they will adopt selling price of ?10,000 and make a profit margin of 20% yet production cost per car is ?10,666. Based on supply and demand findings the optimal gross profit attainable is approximately ?15 million which is less than ?300 million needed to breakeven. In order for H.C.P to achieve 15% annual minimum return on capital employed the need to attain gross profit of ?450 million. The maximum production capacity is 90,000 cars per year. Assuming H.C.P reach maximum production level, they will have to sell each car at ?15,666 to attain 15% minimum return on capital employed but according to demand and supply curve that volume of sales can only be attained when the price per is ?9,000 which is below production cost. This leaves H.C.P at a paradox. Looking at the competitors price range the minimum and ma ximum price per car is ?10,400 and ?11600 respectively. Using these parameters we can determine what are optimal production, sales volume and selling price. How H.C.P can Attain 15% minimum return on capital employed: We know it’s difficult to attain maximum production capacity of 90,000 per annum; therefore we need to setup optimal production capacity based on percentage. ... 50,080 17,942,480 14,989,920 53,720,000 44,880,000 214,880,000 179,520,000 572,977,520 478,690,080 7,198,480.00 14,989,920.00 Â   Â   300,000,000.00 300,000,000.00 300,000,000.00

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Strategy - Essay Example Porter argues that the ability to perform particular activities and to manage the linkages between these activities is a source of competitive advantage.   The above diagram shows an example of a corporate value chain analysis that can be applied to general manufacturing process of a Cadbury’s product. The analysis can help identify the company’s core competencies and weakness throughout the manufacturing process and whether competitive advantage is created or lost because of this. Internal Factor analysis summary (IFAS) External factors Analysis Summary (EFAS) Porter’s five forces applied to Cadbury plc Force Strong/Weak Threat to Cadbury Industry/ Competitor/Competitive rivalry Strong There are three main competitors within the confectionery industry, Cadbury , the market leader followed by Mars and Nestle, The competition between the three companies is very strong and each company aims to be the market leader Corporate strategy Chen et al (2009) states that â€Å" Corporate strategy is primarily about the choice of direction for a firm as a whole and the management of its business or product profile. Cadbury’s corporate directional strategy after their success in 2008 is growth. This is one of Cadbury’s main priorities for the future. Working alongside the company’s business strategy , Cadbury will work towards achieving horizontal growth. This is achieved by Cadbury expanding its products into other geographical locations and/or increasing the range of products and services it offers(Chen et al 2009) Cadbury hope to achieve horizontal growth by focusing on five key brands, Cadbury, Trident, Halls, Green and Black’s and The Natural Confectionary Company Cadbury are doing this as an action towards achieving their vision as it is believed that these brands have the strongest potential in new and existing markets on a global level A key factor towards Cadbury mentioned throughout the report, is lack of sales a nd revenue generated by Cadbury outside of western Europe. Therefore concentrating on specific brands that are thought to be the most successful on a global scale will help the company launch new products in other countries , hopefully

The communication quality between doctor and foreign patient

The communication quality between doctor and foreign patient 1. Introduction While traveling is getting easier and migration is taking place frequently, cultural differences and communication problems have emerged as a new problem of today. The most important case communication is inevitable for a non-speaker of the native language is being a patient. Some undesirable outcomes may occur if the patient can not give the correct information. With the recent migrations in the western countries such as Germany, France, USA, Canada, UK, Holland the number of non-speakers of the native language has become noteworthy. In Turkey, there is also an increase in the number of foreign patients with the real estate sales to the foreigners in the places such as Antalya and Bodrum. On the other hand, highly qualified healthcare professionals and competitive pricing increased the share of health tourism in the whole tourism income (http://www.medicaltourisminturkey.org). On the ground of the importance of communication, according to various resources, 80% of the medical mistakes are caused by giving incorrect information [13,8]. Having gained more and more importance recently, foreign patient-doctor communication and the gaps it has, will be evaluated with the view of knowledge management, and finally, the method developed to prevent the incorrect information translation will be introduced. 2. Literature Review Foreign patients do not know the local language and therefore the language of the doctor is analyzed in detail. [1,2,10,14] In the basis of this study, lies the increase in the number of the non-speakers of the language of migrated country. For example in USA, 18% of people older than 5 years speak another language at their home (U.S. Census Bureau 2002: QT-P16, cited in Lee 2003:3). This information takes place in the article of Alexander and friends (2009) that contains interesting data about the non-speakers of native language: â€Å"In Geneva, Switzerland, 43% of the population is foreign born and about 25% of the population speaks a language other than French at home.† 2.1. Culture Edward Tylors definition is cited as the first definition of culture[15]. Tylor(1903/1988) defines as â€Å"culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society†.As one of the famous authors who has decoded the most about his studies on culture, Hofstede (2005:4) defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. According to these definitions, language is critical for both underlined words. â€Å"Capabilities† are built by interpretation of language. â€Å"Collective programming of mind† programming codes are generated by language. We can say that culture is created by language. The effects of culture on health care are similar to those of language. For example in Turkey (strong uncertainty avoidance and collectivist culture) women are willing to be consulted to a woman obstetrician ( H2 hospital Director of Quality Department), in USA (weak uncertainty avoidance and individualist ) there is no such problems. According Collins et al. (2002, cited in Lee 2003:5): â€Å"Effective communication between patient and doctor is critical to good medical outcomes.† So a woman patient form a different culture may affect the medical outcomes. In literature, several paper [2,6] use language and culture interchangeable but in this paper we will use the language as creator of culture. 2.2. Developed Methods To Pass Trough The Language Barrier Information transfer (communication) between a patient and a doctor is generated in two ways. If the patient and the doctor speak the same language and their cultures are close to each other the transfer is established directly. If there are differences in the language and the culture of patient and doctor, a proxy is used. Followings are the proxies developed in the situation if the patients do not know the local language: Going to hospital with a friend or relative who knows local language and using him or her as translator. -In the deep interviews done with medical sector workers, most of the foreigners live in Turkey use this method, but if the friend or relative in the role of translator does not know the local language so much then some problems may emerge. Interpreter establishes the communication between patient and doctor. -This method is specially used in private health care enterprises in Turkey. Because of cost, increasing effects, interpreters are not chosen by patients who have no good economic welfare. In many countries the language requirements of interpreters are not defined, and non-medical professional interpreters are used widely. In the study of Karliner et al.(2007) â€Å"professional interpreters are associated with improved clinical care more than is use of ad hoc interpreters, and professional interpreters appear to increase the quality of clinical care for limited English proficiency(LEP) patients to approach or equal that for patient without language barriers.† Also many studies showed that professional interpreters who do not know the culture of the patient may offend the patient and the patient may lose confidence [3] .- Translation of those who are not medical staff -This type of translation is more common among immigrants. Because of large numbers of Turks living in Germany, it is quite probable to find non-medical staff that knows Turkish in the hospital.- If the medical staff knows foreign language. -The manager of public hospital and the managers of H1 and H2 hospitals said that the most important communication problem of medical sector is medical staffs without foreign language.- In these studies low content rates of the patients can be seen. The most satisfactory method is bilingual staff and the least one is translation of relatives/friends of the patient. 3. Data and Method The aim of this paper is to improve communication quality between doctor and foreign patient. The research question is How can we improve the communication quality between doctor and foreign patient? Yin (1994) defined a case study as â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.† Kohn(1997) states that â€Å"Yin suggests the methodology may actually be more powerful for explanatory purposes in its ability to answer questions of how and why†. In this paper by the definition of case study methods and the structure of the research question. Semi-structured interviews and observations are used for data collection and case study method is used for analyzing data. 3.1. Selecting Cases In Turkey there are 5 types of hospital. H1 private and multi branch, H2 private unique branch, H3 private, multi branch and foundation supported ,H4 public hospital, H5 university hospital. Cluster sampling method is used because population is heterogeneous. The population is first divided into separate groups of elements which is called as clusters, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5. A sampling from the hospitals in service in different cities, eager to provide data and known as the best in their cluster, is generated. As some hospitals demanded during the negotiations, the clusters they belong to are mentioned instead of their names. Table 3 -Hospital Characteristics in each Cluster Cluster Total Staff (approximately) Total Branch Is there a department for foreign patient? Informant H1 7500 17 Y Hospital Director(M.D), Professor of PhysicalMedicine andRehabilitation H2 450 1 N Director of Quality Department, Head of Nursing Department, Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, Senior Staff of Public Relation H3 800 4 N Medical Director(M.D), Manager of Human Resources H4 1600 1 N Head of Nursing Department, Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, H5 More than 10.000 1 N Emergency Doctor1(M.D), Emergency Doctor2(M.D), 3.2. Problems with patients who do not know Turkish In some regions of Turkey, there are people who do not know the native language. We see that usually a relative or a friend of the patient help the communication as a translator (H1 Professor of PhysicalMedicine andRehabilitation). During the deep interviews with H3 Medical Director, he says: â€Å"Citizens from the eastern region of our country, and immigrants from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Africa come to hospital when they are ill, with a relative or a friend of them; and we intervene the patients with the translation of these people.† The process goes on in two ways for the non-citizen patients. If the patient can speak English; as the public relations, nurses or the doctor can, the communication is established with the help of staff. But if the patient speaks a language other than the staff can do, then a translator is required. Hospital Director in H1 hospital stated that: â€Å"The number of our foreign patients that become ill in Turkey is less than the patients that was ill before coming to Turkey. We sent our doctors to other countries and enable them to meet doctors working in clinics and hospitals. In the next step, foreign doctor sends his/her patient to us. Before the patient arrives, we get the tests and diagnosis applied to the patient. We meet the patient at the airport and accommodate the patient according to his/her economic welfare. All the transportation and other needs of the patient are met by our department established for this purpose. Taking into consideration the countries most foreign patients come from, we employ that staffs who know their language. Because the number of foreign patients in H1 hospital is more than other private and public hospitals, many applications were developed in accordance with the needs. For example, if the patient gets lost anywhere in the hospital and shows the card given to him/her to any hospital employee the problem is solved. â€Å"In the frame of JCI accreditation, the patients and employee are not asked to identify themselves according to their room number. For the probability of being lost in the hospital mostly used sentences takes place in Turkish and in the language of the patient. When patient shows his or her need in own language, the Turkish translation takes place under it then the communication is established.† In H2, H3, H4, H5 hospitals, patients usually come after they get ill in Turkey. Quality manager of H2 hospital: â€Å"Our patients usually come us after an illness in Turkey or according to the recommendation of their acquaintance who were satisfied from our service. Among our patients, there is a group which establishes contact with us before they come to examination and shows the previous cure documents, and the other group comes without any plan or foreknowledge.† In 2007 the distribution of the foreign patients came to H2 hospital is as follows: Many demographic features of the patients are: 64% are men and 36% women. 52% paid cash, 26% used assurance and 21% cured for free by the hospital. Foreign patient level in all hospitals is about 1%. If we consider the graphic which Hofstede(2005:191) has drawn according to the cultures of the countries; The patients coming to H2 hospital take place in all four areas. These patients took service in 15 different departments. In communication with these patients, proxies were used. In 2007 H1 hospitals foreign patients came from 69 different countries such as Afghanistan, Argentina, Germany, Angola, Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, UK, USA, Canada, Finland, Czech Republic, India, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Uruguay shortly all quadrants of Hofstedes culture dimentions. In literature LEP (limited English proficiency) concept is used but limited Turkish proficiency, limited Arabic proficiency, limited Chinese proficiency are also problem. When we look at the problems about the culture and language, the cases in USA and Europe countries are common for all countries and should be solved in all countries. In mostly used method, using proxy, the main problem is the transfer of the knowledge. Knowledge changes while transferring from one place to another, so knowledge can not be transferred but translated. For example; in communication with simultaneous translation the question of Turk doctor â€Å"Neyin var?† is translated as â€Å"what is wrong?†or â€Å"obligation† word is used. But the purpose here is to ask â€Å"What seems your chief complaint today?† In the article of Holden et al(2004) which includes usual examples, the following part takes place: â€Å"For example, Japanese speakers of English are influenced by the notions of politeness. Rather than categorically refusing a request, Japanese might say: ‘Ill think about it (which means â€Å"there is no way I am going to do anything about it.; or, often with a great sucking of breath between clenched teeth: ‘Thats very difficult, meaning that something is a sheer impossibility.† 3.3. Specific Situation Patient Name : Y.S. Year : 2008 Age : 48 Nationality : Greece â€Å"The patient comes to Bursa because of the dead of a friend of him. He goes to emergency with stomach ache. He is alone. The patient speaks English and Greek. After he turns to information desk, he is taken to the emergency doctor. The emergency doctor knows only Turkish. A professional interpreter is called. Patient tells the interpreter that when he first comes to the emergency he could not express himself to the hospital employee and he needs immediate cure. In addition, he says that he was depressed even before the therapy and if he didnt have to, he would not come to a Turkish doctor.†(Interpreter, H2 hospital Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, Senior Staff of Public Relation) As we can understand from these expressions the patient has a negative point of view against Turkey because of the dreary events between Turkey and Greece in the past. This point of view is considered as a code given form the society he lived since his childhood [18] As the patient has to wait despite the emergency, he uses accusatory expressions. He says that â€Å"the doctor in the emergency is young and inexperienced†. That the translator is easy-going and that he mentions the negative behaviors of the patient after the examination has been an important factor in the success of the treatment. â€Å"After the therapy blood test and abdominal USG are demanded. Then gastroenteritis is diagnosed and his prescription was filled.† (Emergency Doctor) â€Å"After making a good bargain, patient lowers the price and pays in cash.†(H2 Director of Quality Department) Because of the proximity of a less individualist society and relatively low prices in Turkey, the patients says that he also has a tooth ache and wants to see the therapy room for teeth. After seeing the room he takes a tooth therapy, as well. 4. Solution In this article we stated that knowledge is translated not transferred. Culler(1982) states that â€Å"every understanding is a misunderstanding.†[4]. If every understanding is a misunderstanding then communication between different cultures using different proxies is a distorted understanding. To establish the communication in mother language gains importance. â€Å"Communication between physicians and patients is fundamental for medical care.†(Joos et al.1996, cited in Lee et al. 2003). The solutions are developed in a way that the patients take less time of the proxies. Physician reads the report in his/her own language both audibly and visually, and may also provide videos and audios in the language of the patient[5,19]. The method developed in the scope of this article is a little more different. Native speaker doctors prepared the questions for diagnosis in their own language as well as the answers to such questions. Until the diagnosis the patient chooses the questions in own language then physician and patient gets the printouts in their own languages. The forgotten point in the developed audio and video based system is, while answering physicians question without the system patient uses own language and physician does not understand. Videos are important in one-way communication as giving information about how the test will be done like as urine test. How can we solve communication problems between foreign patient and doctor? Can XML be a solution? XML is defined by the W3C: â€Å"Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format .Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere† (http://www.w3.org/XML) We can use xml for information transfer from one language to another one. We use transfer because native speaker doctors prepared the questions for diagnosis in their own language as well as the answers to such questions. Foreign patient and doctor use software in their own language, culture and words. Foreign patient and doctor information transfer process can be modeled as below: Both foreign patient and the doctor can see every question in their native language and culture. 4.1. Software This software can support all languages. When we add a new language program XML file is extending. When we add a new language it will be located in this section: en de tr fr new language code I have only migraine data for testing software in Turkish, French, German and English languages. Lets think that our doctor is a Turk and patient is a French native speaker. Doctor select question in his/her native language â€Å"Ã…Å ¸ikayetiniz nedir?† and patient see this question in his native language â€Å"Quest ce quil vous arrive ?†. CultureStr for doctor is â€Å"tr† and for patient is â€Å"fr†. If we add a new language this section will be extend. and . Screen shot: 5. Conclusion Translations done by ad hoc interpreters and professional interpreters who does not know patients culture are equivalent according to the transfer of the knowledge but are not equal. Because of this, these are the translation of knowledge rather than transfer of knowledge. Our solution can be a solution for knowledge transfer problems and limited all language proficiency. What we need is only questions for every complaint, what doctor are asking to their patients. It is not easy but if we do this, a visit to a foreign country will be much safe and a patient will have a chance to chose his/her doctor in which country he/she wishes. Every understanding may be a misunderstanding because what we understand may be different from what is said by others. We understand equivalent of what said by others, not equal. By this project we are trying to extend understanding. As we mentioned before according to varied resources 80% of the medical mistakes are caused by wrong information (wrong information transfer). If we extend enough equivalent it will be nearly equal, at this point medical mistakes will decrease. 6. Acknowledgement We gratefully acknowledge the support of Yalà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±n Aytek ÃÅ"stà ¼ndaÄÅ ¸, Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Erà §ek, Didem Parlak, Ä °smail Cahit Gà ¶rmez, Asst. Prof. Dr. Melike Ã…Å ¾ahiner, Asst. Prof. Dr. Ã…Å ¾ule ÃÆ'-ncà ¼l, Prof. Dr. Zeynep Gà ¼ven, Dr. Demet Dinà §, Dr. ÃÆ'-mer AydÄ ±n, Dr. ÃÅ"nal Egeli, Senem Kayas, Dr. Suna YÄ ±ldÄ ±rÄ ±m and Onur Uslu. 7. References [1] Alexander B., Perneger TV., Bovier PA., Loutan L., and Stalder H. Improving communication between physicians and patients who speak a foreign landuage. British Journal of General Practice 2003: 53: 541-546 [2] Alexander B. and Hudelson P. Communicating With Foreign Language- Speaking Patients: Is Access to Professional Interpreters Enough? Journal of Travel Medicine 2009: 1-6 [3] Collins KS., Hughes DL., Doty MM., Ives BL., Edwards JN., and Tenney K. Diverse Communities, Common Concerns: Assessing Health Care Quality for Minority Americans. Findings from the Commonwealth Fund 2001 Health Care Quality Survey. New York: Commonwealth Fund. [4] Culler J. On Deconstruction, New York: Cornel University Press 1982. [5] Galvez E and Stronks A (2007) â€Å"Hospitals, Language, and Culture† Joint Commusion International(http://www.jointcommission.org/NR/rdonlyres/E64E5E89-5734-4D1D-BB4D-C4ACD4BF8BD3/0/hlc_paper.pdf Last accessed Agust 2009) [6] Gale DD. Cultural Sensitivity Beyond Ethnicity: A Universal Precautions Model. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice 2006:4(1):1-5 [7] Holden NJ. and Kortzfleisch HFOV. Why Cross- Cultural Knowledge Transfer is a Form of Translation in More Ways Than You Think. Knowledge and Process Management 2004: 11(2): 127-136 [8] Joint Commition International. http://www.jointcommission.org/SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_25.htm Last accessed: June 2008 [9] Joos SK., Hickam DH., Gordon GH., and Baker LH. 1996. Effects of Physician Communication Intervention on Patient Care Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 11(3): 147:155 [10] Karliner LS.,JAcops AE, Chen AH and Mutha S. Do Professional Interpreters Improve Clinical Care for Patients with Limited English Profeciency? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Health Service Research 2007: 42(2): 727-754 [11] Kohn LT. Methods in Case Study Analysis( Panel discussion conducted at the 1996 meeting of the Association for Health Services Research) 1997. [12] Lee SM. A Review of Language and Other Communication Barriers in Health Care. Office of Public Health and Science 2003. [13] Packard, C.Finding Links between Healthcare Safety, Communication, and Cultural Norms and Assumptions. Carle Selected Papers 2009 Vol.50 No.2 : 55-58 (http://www.carleconnect.com/CSP/CSP%20Fall_Winter%2007/13.Packard.pdf Last accessed Agust 2009) [14] Perloff RM., Bonder B., Ray GB., and Ray EB. Doctor-Patient Communication, Cultural Competence, and Minority Health. American Behavioral Scientist 2006: 49(6): 835-852 [15] Vatrapu R., and Suthers D. â€Å"Culture and Computers: A Review of the Concept of Culture and Implications for Intercultural Collaborative Online Learning. IWIC 2007: 260-275 [16] Hofstede G. And Hofstede GJ. Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill. 2005 [17] Yin, R.K.Case Study Research, Design and Methods, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 1994. [18] Hostede G.and Hofstede GJ. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005. [19] http://pgsi.com (Last accessed Agust 2009) 8. Corresponding Author Serkan Tà ¼rkeli, AcÄ ±badem University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Management, Istanbul, Maltepe, Turkey,Tel:(0090) 505 488 84 45, Fax:(0090) 216 589 84 85 E-Mail:[emailprotected], Web:www.nasnim.com/serkanturkeli

Lupain Ng Taglamig

DETERGENT PESTICIDE DISINFFECTANT PRESERVATIVES ADDITIVES MEDICINES BLEACH PETROLEUM JELLY ALUMINUM FOIL CORN STARCH NAME. ROMELYN. VILLAMAYOR YR&SEC; IV-EDISON TEACHER; MRS. SALUDES NAME:ERICA E. VILLAMAYOR GR&SEC: VI-MALINIS TEACHER:MR:PENIDA A  detergent  is a  surfactant  or a mixture of surfactants with â€Å"cleaning properties in dilute solutions. â€Å"[1]  These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to  soap  but are more soluble in  hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.In most household contexts, the term  detergent  by itself refers specifically to  laundry detergent  or  dish detergent, as opposed to  hand soapor other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are  amph iphilic: partlyhydrophilic  (polar) and partly  hydrophobic  (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also  foaming agents  to varying degrees.Pesticides  are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any  pest. [1]  Pesticides are a special kind of products for crop protection. Crop protection products in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, diseases or insects. A pesticide is generally a  chemical  or biological agent (such as a  virus,  bacterium,  antimicrobial  or  disinfectant) that through its effect deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise discourages pests.Target pests can includeinsects, plant  pathogens, weeds,  molluscs,  birds,  mammals,  fish, nematodes (roundworms), and  microbes  that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease or are  vectors  for disease. Disinfectants  are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy  microorganismsthat are living on the objects. [1]  Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant  bacterial spores; it is less effective than  sterilisation, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life. 1]  Disinfectants are different from other  antimicrobial agents  such as  antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and  antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living  tissue.Disinfectants are also different from  biocides  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with the metabolism. A  preservative  is a naturally occurring or synthetically produced substance that is added to products such as foods,pharmaceuticals, pai nts, biological samples, wood, etc. o prevent  decomposition  by  microbial  growth or by undesirable  chemicalchanges. Food additives  are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by  pickling  (with  vinegar),  salting, as with  bacon, preserving  sweets  or using  sulfur dioxide  as in some  wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.Medicine  is the  applied science  or practice of the  diagnosis,  treatment, and prevention ofdisease. [1]  It encompasses a variety of  health care  practices evolved to maintain and restore  health  by the  prevention  and  treatment  of  illness  in  human beings. Contemporary medicine applies  health science,  biomedical research, and  medical te chnology  to  diagnose  and treat injury and disease, typically through  medication  orsurgery, but also through therapies as diverse as  psychotherapy,  external splints & traction,  prostheses,  biologics,  ionizing radiation  and others.Bleach  has been serialized in the Japanese manga anthology  Weekly Shonen JumpsincAugust 2001, and has been collected into 56  tankobon  volumes as of September 2012. Since its publication,  Bleach  has spawned a  media franchise  that includes ananimated  television series  that was produced by  Studio Pierrot  in Japan from 2004 to 2012, two  original video animations, four animated feature films, seven  rock musicals, and  numerous video games, as well as many types of  Bleach-related  merchandise.Petroleum jelly,  petrolatum,  white petrolatum  or  soft paraffin,  CAS number  8009-03-8, is a  semi-solid  mixture of  hydrocarbons  (with  carbon  numbers mainly higher than 25),[1]  originally promoted as a topical  ointment  for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a â€Å"cure-all† has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses (see  uses  below). However, it is recognized by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) as an approved  over-the-counter  (OTC)  skin  protectant, and remains widely used in  cosmetic  skin care.Aluminium foil  is  aluminium  prepared in thin  metal leaves, with a thickness less than 0. 2 millimetres (8  mils), thinner gauges down to 6  Ã‚ µm (0. 2  mils) are also commonly used. [1]  In the USA, foils are commonly gauged in  mils. Standard household foil is typically 0. 016 millimetres (0. 6  mils) thick and heavy duty household foil is typically 0. 024 millimetres (0. 9  mils). The  foil  is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are so metimes  laminated  to other materials such asplastics  or  paper  to make them more useful.Aluminium foilsupplanted  tin foil  in the mid 20th century. Corn starch is used as a  thickening agent  in  soups  and liquid-based foods, such assauces,  gravies  and  custards  by mixing it with a cold liquid to form a paste or slurry. It is sometimes preferred over  flour  because it forms a  translucent  mixture, rather than anopaque  one. As the starch is heated, the molecular chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh, thickening the liquid (Starch gelatinization). Lupain Ng Taglamig Reaction Paper Ric Michael P. De Vera IV- Rizal Mr. Norie Sabayan I. A and B Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance? Indian  mathematics  reached Baghdad, a major early center of Islam, about ad 800. Supported by the ruling caliphs and wealthy individuals, translators in Baghdad produced Arabic versions of Greek and Indian mathematical works. The need for translations was stimulated by mathematical research in the Islamic world. Islamic mathematics also served religion in that it proved useful in dividing inheritances according to Islamic law; in predicting the time of the new moon, when the next month began; and in determining the direction to Mecca for the orientation of mosques and of daily prayers, which were delivered facing Mecca. Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Arabic/Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier. In many respects the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of the Arabic/Islamic contribution than to that of the Greeks. There is a widely held view that, after a brilliant period for mathematics when the Greeks laid the foundations for modern mathematics, there was a period of stagnation before the Europeans took over where the Greeks left off at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The common perception of the period of 1000 years or so between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance is that little happened in the world of mathematics except that some Arabic translations of Greek texts were made which preserved the Greek learning so that it was available to the Europeans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. That such views should be generally held is of no surprise. Many leading historians of mathematics have contributed to the perception by either omitting any mention of Arabic/Islamic mathematics in the historical development of the subject or with statements such as that made by Duhem in :- †¦ Arabic science only reproduced the teachings received from Greek science. Before we proceed it is worth trying to define the period that this article covers and give an overall description to cover the mathematicians who contributed. The period we cover is easy to describe: it stretches from the end of the eighth century to about the middle of the fifteenth century. Giving a description to cover the mathematicians who contributed, however, is much harder. The works and are on â€Å"Islamic mathematics†, similar to which uses the title the â€Å"Muslim contribution to mathematics†. Other authors try the description â€Å"Arabic mathematics†. However, certainly not all the mathematicians we wish to include were Muslims; some were Jews, some Christians, some of other faiths. Nor were all these mathematicians Arabs, but for convenience we will call our topic â€Å"Arab mathematics†. We should emphasize that the translations into Arabic at this time were made by scientists and mathematicians such as those named above, not by language experts ignorant of mathematics, and the need for the translations was stimulated by the most advanced research of the time. It is important to realize that the translating was not done for its own sake, but was done as part of the current research effort. Of Euclid's works, the Elements, the Data, the Optics, the Phaenomena, and On Divisions were translated. Of Archimedes' works only two – Sphere and Cylinder and Measurement of the Circle – are known to have been translated, but these were sufficient to stimulate independent researches from the 9th to the 15th century. On the other hand, virtually all of Apollonius's works were translated, and of Diophantus and Menelaus one book each, the Arithmetica and the Sphaerica, respectively, were translated into Arabic. Finally, the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest furnished important astronomical material. †¦ Diocles' treatise on mirrors, Theodosius's Spherics, Pappus's work on mechanics, Ptolemy's Planisphaerium, and Hypsicles' treatises on regular polyhedra (the so-called Books XIV and XV of Euclid's Elements) †¦ Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary ove away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc. , to all is treated as â€Å"algebraic objects†. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before. Al-Khwarizmi's successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, and numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose. Let us follow the development of algebra for a moment and look at al-Khwarizmi's successors. About forty years after al-Khwarizmi is the work of al-Mahani (born 820), who conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. Abu Kamil (born 850) forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as xn. xm = xm+n. Let us remark that symbols did not appear in Arabic mathematics until much later. Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi used symbols in the 15th century and, although we do not know exactly when their use began, we know that symbols were used at least a century before this. Al-Karaji (born 953) is seen by many as the first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, †¦ and 1/x, 1/x2, 1/x3, †¦ and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years. Al-Samawal, nearly 200 years later, was an important member of al-Karaji's school. Al-Samawal (born 1130) was the first to give the new topic of algebra a precise description when he wrote that it was concerned:- †¦ with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known. Omar Khayyam (born 1048) gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the algebraic solution of cubic equations in a later work . If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared. Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (born 1135), although almost exactly the same age as al-Samawal, does not follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra but rather follows Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry. He wrote a treatise on cubic equations. .. represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry. Let us give other examples of the development of Arabic mathematics. Returning to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the 9th century, one mathematician who was educated there by the Banu Musa brothers was Thabit ibn Qurra (born 836). He made many contributions to mathematics, but let u s consider for the moment consider his contributions to number theory. He discovered a beautiful theorem which allowed pairs of amicable numbers to be found, that is two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Al-Baghdadi (born 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, while al-Haytham (born 965) seems to have been the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2k-1(2k – 1) where 2k – 1 is prime. Al-Haytham, is also the first person that we know to state Wilson's theorem, namely that if p is prime then 1+ (p-1)! is divisible by p. It is unclear whether he knew how to prove this result. It is called Wilson's theorem because of a comment made by Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that John Wilson knew how to prove it and most certainly Waring did not. Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771 and it should be noticed that it is more than 750 years after al-Haytham before number theory surpasses this achievement of Arabic mathematics. Continuing the story of amicable numbers, from which we have taken a diversion, it is worth noting that they play a large role in Arabic mathematics. Al-Farisi (born 1260) gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorisation and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416 which have been attributed to Euler, but we know that these were known earlier than al-Farisi, perhaps even by Thabit ibn Qurra himself. Although outside our time range for Arabic mathematics in this article, it is worth noting that in the 17th century the Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi gave the pair of amicable number 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 still many years before Euler's contribution. C. Arabian Mathematics/ Islamic Mathematics In  the  9th  century  Arab mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a systematic introduction to algebra, Kitab al-jabr w’al Muqabalah (Book of Restoring and Balancing). The English word algebra comes from al-jabr in the treatise’s title. Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra was founded on Brahmagupta’s work, which he duly credited, and showed the influence of Babylonian and Greek mathematics as well. A 12th-century Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi’s treatise was crucial for the later development of algebra in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi’s name is the source of the word algorithm. By  the  year  900  the  acquisition of past mathematics was complete, and Muslim scholars began to build on what they had acquired. Alhazen, an outstanding Arab scientist of the late 900s and early 1000s, produced algebraic solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Karaji in the 10th and early 11th century completed the algebra of polynomials (mathematical expressions that are the sum of a number of terms) of al-Khwarizmi. He included polynomials with an infinite number of terms. Later  scholars,  including 12th-century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam, solved certain cubic equations geometrically by using conic sections. Arab astronomers contributed the tangent and cotangent to trigonometry. Geometers such as Ibrahim ibn Sinan in the 10th century continued Archimedes’s investigations of areas and volumes, and Kamal al-Din and others applied the theory of conic sections to solve problems in optics. Astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the mathematical disciplines of plane and spherical trigonometry in the 13th century and was the first to treat trigonometry separately from astronomy. Finally, a number of Muslim mathematicians made important discoveries in the theory of numbers, while others explained a ariety of numerical methods for solving equations. Many  of  the  ancient  Greek works on mathematics were preserved during the middle Ages through Arabic translations and commentaries. Europe acquired much of this learning during the 12th century, when Greek and Arabic works were translated into Latin, then the written language of educated Europeans. These Arabic works, together with the Greek classics, were responsible for the growth of mathematics in the West during the late middle Ages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. D. Origin of the Word Algebra The word algebra is a Latin variant of the Arabic word al-jabr. This came from the title of a book, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala, written in Baghdad about 825 A. D. by the Arab mathematician Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi. The words jabr (JAH-ber) and muqubalah (moo-KAH-ba-lah) were used by al-Khowarizmi to designate two basic operations in solving equations. Jabr was to transpose subtracted terms to the other side of the equation. Muqubalah was to cancel like terms on opposite sides of the equation. In fact, the title has been translated to mean â€Å"science of restoration (or reunion) and opposition† or â€Å"science of transposition and cancellation† and â€Å"The Book of Completion and Cancellation† or â€Å"The Book of Restoration and Balancing. † Jabr is used in the step where x – 2 = 12 becomes x = 14. The left-side of the first equation, where x is lessened by 2, is â€Å"restored† or â€Å"completed† back to x in the second equation. Muqabalah takes us from x + y = y + 7 to x = 7 by â€Å"cancelling† or â€Å"balancing† the two sides of the equation. Eventually the muqabalah was left behind, and this type of math became known as algebra in many languages. It is interesting to note that the word al-jabr used non-mathematically made its way into Europe through the Moors of Spain. There an algebrista is a bonesetter, or â€Å"restorer† of bones. A barber of medieval times called himself an algebrista since barbers often did bone-setting and bloodletting on the side. Hence the red and white striped barber poles of today. II. Insights The Arabian contributions to Mathematics are much used around the world. Their Mathematics shows a perfect way to represent numbers and problems, in a way to make it clearer and easier to understand. They have discovered many things about mathematics and formulated many formulas that are widely used today. I learned from this research that Arabs mathematics started when Indian mathematics reached Baghdad and translated it into Arabic. They improved and studied Mathematics and formulated many things. They become more famous when they discovered Algebra and improved it. Many Arabian mathematicians became famous because of their contributions on Mathematics. Many ancient Greeks works on mathematics were preserved through Arabic translations and commentaries. I am enlightened about the origin of what are we studying now in Mathematics. Now I know that majority of our lessons in mathematics came from Arabians not from Greeks. I also learned that many mathematicians contributed on different branches and techniques on mathematics and it take so much time for them to explore and improve mathematics. Lupain Ng Taglamig Reaction Paper Ric Michael P. De Vera IV- Rizal Mr. Norie Sabayan I. A and B Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance? Indian  mathematics  reached Baghdad, a major early center of Islam, about ad 800. Supported by the ruling caliphs and wealthy individuals, translators in Baghdad produced Arabic versions of Greek and Indian mathematical works. The need for translations was stimulated by mathematical research in the Islamic world. Islamic mathematics also served religion in that it proved useful in dividing inheritances according to Islamic law; in predicting the time of the new moon, when the next month began; and in determining the direction to Mecca for the orientation of mosques and of daily prayers, which were delivered facing Mecca. Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Arabic/Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier. In many respects the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of the Arabic/Islamic contribution than to that of the Greeks. There is a widely held view that, after a brilliant period for mathematics when the Greeks laid the foundations for modern mathematics, there was a period of stagnation before the Europeans took over where the Greeks left off at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The common perception of the period of 1000 years or so between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance is that little happened in the world of mathematics except that some Arabic translations of Greek texts were made which preserved the Greek learning so that it was available to the Europeans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. That such views should be generally held is of no surprise. Many leading historians of mathematics have contributed to the perception by either omitting any mention of Arabic/Islamic mathematics in the historical development of the subject or with statements such as that made by Duhem in :- †¦ Arabic science only reproduced the teachings received from Greek science. Before we proceed it is worth trying to define the period that this article covers and give an overall description to cover the mathematicians who contributed. The period we cover is easy to describe: it stretches from the end of the eighth century to about the middle of the fifteenth century. Giving a description to cover the mathematicians who contributed, however, is much harder. The works and are on â€Å"Islamic mathematics†, similar to which uses the title the â€Å"Muslim contribution to mathematics†. Other authors try the description â€Å"Arabic mathematics†. However, certainly not all the mathematicians we wish to include were Muslims; some were Jews, some Christians, some of other faiths. Nor were all these mathematicians Arabs, but for convenience we will call our topic â€Å"Arab mathematics†. We should emphasize that the translations into Arabic at this time were made by scientists and mathematicians such as those named above, not by language experts ignorant of mathematics, and the need for the translations was stimulated by the most advanced research of the time. It is important to realize that the translating was not done for its own sake, but was done as part of the current research effort. Of Euclid's works, the Elements, the Data, the Optics, the Phaenomena, and On Divisions were translated. Of Archimedes' works only two – Sphere and Cylinder and Measurement of the Circle – are known to have been translated, but these were sufficient to stimulate independent researches from the 9th to the 15th century. On the other hand, virtually all of Apollonius's works were translated, and of Diophantus and Menelaus one book each, the Arithmetica and the Sphaerica, respectively, were translated into Arabic. Finally, the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest furnished important astronomical material. †¦ Diocles' treatise on mirrors, Theodosius's Spherics, Pappus's work on mechanics, Ptolemy's Planisphaerium, and Hypsicles' treatises on regular polyhedra (the so-called Books XIV and XV of Euclid's Elements) †¦ Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary ove away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc. , to all is treated as â€Å"algebraic objects†. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before. Al-Khwarizmi's successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, and numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose. Let us follow the development of algebra for a moment and look at al-Khwarizmi's successors. About forty years after al-Khwarizmi is the work of al-Mahani (born 820), who conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. Abu Kamil (born 850) forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as xn. xm = xm+n. Let us remark that symbols did not appear in Arabic mathematics until much later. Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi used symbols in the 15th century and, although we do not know exactly when their use began, we know that symbols were used at least a century before this. Al-Karaji (born 953) is seen by many as the first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, †¦ and 1/x, 1/x2, 1/x3, †¦ and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years. Al-Samawal, nearly 200 years later, was an important member of al-Karaji's school. Al-Samawal (born 1130) was the first to give the new topic of algebra a precise description when he wrote that it was concerned:- †¦ with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known. Omar Khayyam (born 1048) gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the algebraic solution of cubic equations in a later work . If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared. Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (born 1135), although almost exactly the same age as al-Samawal, does not follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra but rather follows Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry. He wrote a treatise on cubic equations. .. represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry. Let us give other examples of the development of Arabic mathematics. Returning to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the 9th century, one mathematician who was educated there by the Banu Musa brothers was Thabit ibn Qurra (born 836). He made many contributions to mathematics, but let u s consider for the moment consider his contributions to number theory. He discovered a beautiful theorem which allowed pairs of amicable numbers to be found, that is two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Al-Baghdadi (born 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, while al-Haytham (born 965) seems to have been the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2k-1(2k – 1) where 2k – 1 is prime. Al-Haytham, is also the first person that we know to state Wilson's theorem, namely that if p is prime then 1+ (p-1)! is divisible by p. It is unclear whether he knew how to prove this result. It is called Wilson's theorem because of a comment made by Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that John Wilson knew how to prove it and most certainly Waring did not. Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771 and it should be noticed that it is more than 750 years after al-Haytham before number theory surpasses this achievement of Arabic mathematics. Continuing the story of amicable numbers, from which we have taken a diversion, it is worth noting that they play a large role in Arabic mathematics. Al-Farisi (born 1260) gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorisation and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416 which have been attributed to Euler, but we know that these were known earlier than al-Farisi, perhaps even by Thabit ibn Qurra himself. Although outside our time range for Arabic mathematics in this article, it is worth noting that in the 17th century the Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi gave the pair of amicable number 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 still many years before Euler's contribution. C. Arabian Mathematics/ Islamic Mathematics In  the  9th  century  Arab mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a systematic introduction to algebra, Kitab al-jabr w’al Muqabalah (Book of Restoring and Balancing). The English word algebra comes from al-jabr in the treatise’s title. Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra was founded on Brahmagupta’s work, which he duly credited, and showed the influence of Babylonian and Greek mathematics as well. A 12th-century Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi’s treatise was crucial for the later development of algebra in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi’s name is the source of the word algorithm. By  the  year  900  the  acquisition of past mathematics was complete, and Muslim scholars began to build on what they had acquired. Alhazen, an outstanding Arab scientist of the late 900s and early 1000s, produced algebraic solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Karaji in the 10th and early 11th century completed the algebra of polynomials (mathematical expressions that are the sum of a number of terms) of al-Khwarizmi. He included polynomials with an infinite number of terms. Later  scholars,  including 12th-century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam, solved certain cubic equations geometrically by using conic sections. Arab astronomers contributed the tangent and cotangent to trigonometry. Geometers such as Ibrahim ibn Sinan in the 10th century continued Archimedes’s investigations of areas and volumes, and Kamal al-Din and others applied the theory of conic sections to solve problems in optics. Astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the mathematical disciplines of plane and spherical trigonometry in the 13th century and was the first to treat trigonometry separately from astronomy. Finally, a number of Muslim mathematicians made important discoveries in the theory of numbers, while others explained a ariety of numerical methods for solving equations. Many  of  the  ancient  Greek works on mathematics were preserved during the middle Ages through Arabic translations and commentaries. Europe acquired much of this learning during the 12th century, when Greek and Arabic works were translated into Latin, then the written language of educated Europeans. These Arabic works, together with the Greek classics, were responsible for the growth of mathematics in the West during the late middle Ages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. D. Origin of the Word Algebra The word algebra is a Latin variant of the Arabic word al-jabr. This came from the title of a book, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala, written in Baghdad about 825 A. D. by the Arab mathematician Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi. The words jabr (JAH-ber) and muqubalah (moo-KAH-ba-lah) were used by al-Khowarizmi to designate two basic operations in solving equations. Jabr was to transpose subtracted terms to the other side of the equation. Muqubalah was to cancel like terms on opposite sides of the equation. In fact, the title has been translated to mean â€Å"science of restoration (or reunion) and opposition† or â€Å"science of transposition and cancellation† and â€Å"The Book of Completion and Cancellation† or â€Å"The Book of Restoration and Balancing. † Jabr is used in the step where x – 2 = 12 becomes x = 14. The left-side of the first equation, where x is lessened by 2, is â€Å"restored† or â€Å"completed† back to x in the second equation. Muqabalah takes us from x + y = y + 7 to x = 7 by â€Å"cancelling† or â€Å"balancing† the two sides of the equation. Eventually the muqabalah was left behind, and this type of math became known as algebra in many languages. It is interesting to note that the word al-jabr used non-mathematically made its way into Europe through the Moors of Spain. There an algebrista is a bonesetter, or â€Å"restorer† of bones. A barber of medieval times called himself an algebrista since barbers often did bone-setting and bloodletting on the side. Hence the red and white striped barber poles of today. II. Insights The Arabian contributions to Mathematics are much used around the world. Their Mathematics shows a perfect way to represent numbers and problems, in a way to make it clearer and easier to understand. They have discovered many things about mathematics and formulated many formulas that are widely used today. I learned from this research that Arabs mathematics started when Indian mathematics reached Baghdad and translated it into Arabic. They improved and studied Mathematics and formulated many things. They become more famous when they discovered Algebra and improved it. Many Arabian mathematicians became famous because of their contributions on Mathematics. Many ancient Greeks works on mathematics were preserved through Arabic translations and commentaries. I am enlightened about the origin of what are we studying now in Mathematics. Now I know that majority of our lessons in mathematics came from Arabians not from Greeks. I also learned that many mathematicians contributed on different branches and techniques on mathematics and it take so much time for them to explore and improve mathematics.

Confidentiality Is an Important Issue

Confidentiality is an important issue because without it, professionals would find it difficult to build relationships with their clients. Trust in a carer/client relationship is important, as a client would not want to share personal information with someone if they felt it was not confidential and Fulford (2001) agrees that confidentiality is a function of relationships.This could be why new employees in the caring profession find it difficult to relate to their clients until a relationship has been formed. When a person gives information about themselves to other people such as doctors or carers, that person is giving their consent for the professional to share the information given. This kind of consent is known as ‘implicit consent'.It is when a person gives consent with out realising they have and unless they specifically ask for the information to be strictly confidential, then that information will be shared amongst other professionals within that profession (Unit23, p6 7) This kind of consent is usually present when a client or resident can not make decisions about their information being shared, maybe the client is unconscious or has learning disabilities. The Department of Health (1996) states those professionals in this position must be trusted to act in their patient's best interests.Another type of consent is known as ‘explicit consent. This is consent given with the patient or client knowing about it. For instance, if a person was filling out a form and it stated that the information provided on the form is shared among other professionals, it would then ask for a signature to allow for this sharing to occur. In today's working environment, it is common place for people, other than professionals, to have access to their employees' records. Having access to these records can help management to promote a person's professional†¦

Explorting Masculine And Feminie Roles Essays - Free Essays

Explorting Masculine And Feminie Roles Essays - Free Essays Explorting Masculine And Feminie Roles EXPLORING THE MASCULINE AND FEMININE IN ISABEL ALLENDE'S THE HOUSE OF THE SPIRITS By Jodi Denny Old Dominion University Copyright (c) 1997 Jodi Denny This document may not be reprinted without the permission of the author. For permission, contact: [emailprotected] Isabel Allende's novel The House of the Spirits is woven with dichotomy. Opposing forces are juxtaposed: rich and poor, good and evil, political left and right, birth and death, and the forces that will be explored in this paper, the masculine and feminine. The masculine and feminine are equal in importance to the world of the novel, indeed, the existence of one depends on the existence of the other. The danger lies in the fact that the masculine overshadows the feminine so much that the existence of the feminine is threatened. If women are a nation's primary, fundamental root from which all else grows and blossoms (Ba 61), this threat to the feminine is a threat to the world of the novel itself. The novel illustrates the dangers of an imbalance of the masculine and feminine within the individual, the family, and nation. This paper will explore the concepts of the masculine and the feminine within the novel in the context of Carl Jung's theory of the anima and animus. Jung recognized distinctive features in the psyche of men and women. He analyzed these differences in his study of the anima and animus. The anima is the personification of the feminine nature of man's unconscious; the animus the masculine nature of a woman's unconscious. In her book Women in Twentieth Century Literature: A Jungian View, Bettina L. Knapp explains that Jung believes the woman's psyche to be the adverse and reverse of the man's complementary to his. He has remarked time and time again that Eros, or the principle of relatedness and feeling, is dominant in the female; that Logos, the analytical way, the power to discriminate and judge is supreme in the male (6). Jung's theory says that logic and objectivity are usually the predominate features of a man's outer attitude, or at least regarded as ideals, and in a woman it is feeling (Walz). Marian L. Pauson elaborates on Jung's concept of the anima and animus in Jung the Philosopher: Essays in Jungian Thought. She asserts that the animus pole is often projected in different media as directed, didactic, forceful, functional, rational, and serious while the anima pole is projected as fanciful, imaginative, colorful, lyrical, light, intuitive, decorative, and amusing (97). On a deeper level, she discusses the emotional tension of the polarities within the masculine and feminine, their shadow and transcendence. The shadow of the anima is manifested as irrationality and chaos; the transcendence as inspiration and intuitive vision. The shadow of the animus is manifested as cruelness, cunning and brute force, the transcendence as practical wisdom (98). Jung asserts that these opposing natures can come together in an individual's search for selfhood, which represents a balance between the opposing forces within the personality. This results in what Jung calls androgyny: individuals who have fully developed both the masculine and feminine aspects of their personality. The manner by which these opposite natures can be reconciled into wholeness is called paradoxical unity (Walz). Jung claims that life is founded on the harmonious interplay of masculine and feminine forces, within the individual human as well as without (Bennet 128). Jung seems to suggest that a reconciliation of these opposites within the self, and within the larger realm of society, is necessary in order to obtain peace and enlightenment within both, is necessary as a foundation for life itself. Whether Jung's cited differences in the male and female psyche are psychologically innate or whether they have been inscribed on the collective conscious by patriarchal dominance is debatable. It would be sexist, indeed, to define certain traits as purely masculine or feminine. Obviously men don't have the exclusive right to logic and thought nor women to emotion and intuition. Many feminists have criticized Jung's definitions of the masculine and feminine. In Jung and Feminism Demaris S. Wehr says that Jung defined the feminine largely in terms of receptivity and remarks that some people reject Jung's notion of the feminine and its corresponding receptivity. They argue that Jung is stereotyping women once again, depriving them of being agents in their own right (6). Others believe the opposite, that feminine receptivity is a quality much needed in

Free Essays on Battle Of The Somme

Brandon Hampton The battle of the Somme was a war enabled by mass industrialization. Communication and logistic problems were prevalent because of the inhumanly large scale of the battle. Countless deaths and unknown amounts of suffering occurred because of general staff miscalculations. Keegan is able to explain that the battle of the Somme simply came down to the potentially deadly British artillery versus the German machine gunners that sought shelter in their underground bunkers. Keegan explains that Kitchener’s army recruits were still a little green and relied upon artillery bombardments to win the battle. The one ton shells, capable of blowing craters in the earth ten meters deep, fired by the British artillery was not enough to completely obliterate all of the German machine gunners. This failure of the British artillery’s effectiveness caused the death of many British infantrymen. When the artillery barrages stopped, the remnants of the German machine gunners returned to the surface to unleash hell. Keegan analyzes the not just the battle, but the pre-battle and post-battle as well. Keegan’s analysis gives an almost a surreal image of the pain, disorientation, vision, and behavior of the soldiers and their commanding officers. Keegan explains why the combatants were there, the battle plan used, and the cool blood and guts type of stuff. Keegan elaborates on why the war happened the way that it had. The fulcrum of the war was the type of weaponry used by each side and the application of those weapons. I have noticed that Keegan strives to answer the question â€Å"What wills men to battle?† He wants to emphasize not just the motive of each side to go to war, but he also wants you as a reader to draw your own conclusions about the personal motives of men to go to battle. All of the details given by Keegan are fuel for your brain to answer all of the rhetorical questions asked by him and the questions that ... Free Essays on Battle Of The Somme Free Essays on Battle Of The Somme Brandon Hampton The battle of the Somme was a war enabled by mass industrialization. Communication and logistic problems were prevalent because of the inhumanly large scale of the battle. Countless deaths and unknown amounts of suffering occurred because of general staff miscalculations. Keegan is able to explain that the battle of the Somme simply came down to the potentially deadly British artillery versus the German machine gunners that sought shelter in their underground bunkers. Keegan explains that Kitchener’s army recruits were still a little green and relied upon artillery bombardments to win the battle. The one ton shells, capable of blowing craters in the earth ten meters deep, fired by the British artillery was not enough to completely obliterate all of the German machine gunners. This failure of the British artillery’s effectiveness caused the death of many British infantrymen. When the artillery barrages stopped, the remnants of the German machine gunners returned to the surface to unleash hell. Keegan analyzes the not just the battle, but the pre-battle and post-battle as well. Keegan’s analysis gives an almost a surreal image of the pain, disorientation, vision, and behavior of the soldiers and their commanding officers. Keegan explains why the combatants were there, the battle plan used, and the cool blood and guts type of stuff. Keegan elaborates on why the war happened the way that it had. The fulcrum of the war was the type of weaponry used by each side and the application of those weapons. I have noticed that Keegan strives to answer the question â€Å"What wills men to battle?† He wants to emphasize not just the motive of each side to go to war, but he also wants you as a reader to draw your own conclusions about the personal motives of men to go to battle. All of the details given by Keegan are fuel for your brain to answer all of the rhetorical questions asked by him and the questions that ...

Global Challenges Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Challenges - Research Paper Example Migrants into urban centers believe that there are many job opportunities in the urban centers hence necessitating the need for migration into towns to look for jobs (UN-Habitat, 2008). Secondly, there is a rapid increase in the demand for housing, basic infrastructure and social services. Infrastructures in this case include, water, electricity and sewerage systems. The rapid population increases in slums have resulted to a hindrance in delivering the services in those areas (Sexton, 1979; Levy, 2011). Thirdly, cities are faced with scarcity of food and world energy. The scarcity of food is because of the declining weather conditions affected by the climatic changes in the world. For instance, deforestation in many third world countries have caused decreased levels of rainfall which most farmers rely on for farming in order to supply the cities with food (Levy, 2011). In the near future, the US will face challenges that are different from other countries. Such challenges include how to address the problems resulting declining population growth and aging population, which have resulted to shrinking cities and deterioration in buildings and infrastructure (Levy, 2011). The second challenge will be how to address problems of urban sprawl and preservation of inner city heritage buildings. This arises from the growing demands of housing and facilities due to an emerging wealthy class and from international investors (UN-Habitat,

Daoism as a way as systems thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Daoism as a way as systems thinking - Essay Example ophers from the nearest past made conclusion that forwarded them to system thinking: we are surrounded by interdependent natural and non-natural systems. Complexity of our lives makes us to face great number of natural and non-natural systems, which are often difficult for our understanding but we cannot escape from their effect. To generalize, we can say that our live is a period when we learn how to face, co-exist, comprehend or overcome systems that creates problems on our way. So we watch and deal ever changing systems that form us and we form them. As mentioned earlier system thinking appeared long ago it was defined in 1956. In the essay I will turn to system thinking in Daoism and how the ideas touches modern world. I will overview the following points in Daoism in terms of system thinking: nature, human being, technology, and organization. Daoism is often considered to be an important argument when talking about nature and environmental problems. And it is quite true, if you overview different world wide religions, as Christianity or Islam, you are unlikely to find so many statements about nature and importance of nature in the system of human life. Therefore Daoism it taken as a first source of ecological research and promotion of co-existence with nature in the world complex. Though environmental trends in Daoism have been revealed only recently and up to the 80s texts of the Daoist teachers, e.g. Daode jing and Zhuangzi were only magical and mystical for the common public, only in-depth research of the text and in some way fashionable feng shui trend in the western countries, helped to show the public that Daoism was on much extent study about fears what human activity could do with nature and why people had to think before proceeding with any actions on the natural sites. The Taoist philosophy doesn’t take nature as a whole substance; Daoism treats it as a complex of elements that creates a whole system. In Daoism elements of nature are considered