Flood Coping Mechanisms

gourmandize Coping Mechanisms Adaptive Strategies of firm in bournes of engorge grapple utensil. entrance Background of the problemInternational and national literature relate to the problem to be studiedFloods argon defined as extremely high flows of river, whereby wet supply inundates flood plains or terrains outside the water-confined major river channels. Flood endanger is measured by probability occurrence of their damaging values, conceived generally as flood risk, or by their impact on society, conceives usually as the loss of lives and material damage to society (Rossi et al., 1994).Flood is natural pillowcases that put up occur at any(prenominal) time and often able to create loss and damage that can be suffered by property, population and environment. Flood event cannot be prevented, but it can only be controlled and reduced the impact. Flood came relatively quickly, so we must have the effective strategies in order to reduce the impact from flood event.Flood i s the most damaging event in Indonesia. Of total disaster in Indonesia, 57.43% is floods. Those events cause 587,190 affected people and 68 casualties (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNBP/National Coordinating Board for the steering of Disaster), 2008).Geographically, Sampang is located in Madura Island and included as plain argona because it has elevation almost the same as sea take. Due to this physical condition, Sampang, as a waterfront city, has been suffering with flooding almost every year. Combination between high intensity of rainfall and high tide of sea, improved water discharge of Kamoning River and hence inundated several areas in Sampang. The triggering factor is small holding capacity of Kamoning River.The strategies from topical anaesthetic anaesthetic alliance to cope the flood are mostly developed by the initiative of affected community in inundated area. For instance, they have added the floor height or the crook of floor in order to avoid the wate r flow and save their belongings. The coping activities that have been done by local anesthetic community revealed due to the disability of local community to move in safer area. Besides, those coping strategies also have uniqueness related to the physical condition of this area. It means that the strategies can be explored by dint of several perspectives, e.g. the magnitude of flood, income, education, etc.By elaborating the breathing adaptative strategies in Sampang Regency, it is expected that the general and specific description of flood coping strategies can be obtained as an effort to establish the recommendation in case of local authorities policy in facing with a given flood.1.2. Statement of ProblemFlood becomes a major issue for the local government of Sampang Regency because it is one of the most frequent and most disastrous natural events. Tremendous losses and damages as results of severe flood have been occurred. Historically, Sampang metropolis already has been st ricken severe flood in three times which were in 1921, 1991 and 2002. The most flood disaster in Sampang was in 2002, where a ternion area of Sampang was affected and caused more than 14 casualties, many damaged houses and public infrastructures, and many evacuated people. The recent of flood occurrence in Sampang were in 2008 and 2009, where the flood event has a little damaged.The flood occurrences in this regency demanded the awareness both from local community and local government for conducting disaster reduction actions. Those actions were aimed to minimize the impact of flood. nonpareil of those actions is flood investigation in terms of flood characteristics and coping strategies. The action is intended to gather information related to the characteristic of flood, how the affected community abide with flood, and the coping strategies that have been done by the local government.The calm information more or less flood and flood coping strategies result be useful as an s erious input to arrange capacity improvement in disaster reduction process. On the opposite words, local community and local government bequeath be involved in establishing the more appropriate flood coping strategies, particularly by examining flood characteristics and existing flood coping mechanism. Moreover, it can be decided whether the existing flood coping strategies are adequate or not.There are many parts of Sampang Regency which are often stricken by flood every year, but the study about flood has not been done yet. Besides, more detail of local communitys strategies in overcoming the flood is not established. Local government commonly only calculated the losses and damages without investigating the flood characteristics and coping strategies done by local community. take place the thesis with Sampang as study area. Research ObjectiveGeneral objective of this inquiry is to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies. The general objective is then elaborated into four specific objectives, as followTo identify the characteristics of the flood. To explore the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood. To recognize influencing factors of selected adaptive strategies. To identify the government strategies in terms of reducing the flood impacts. Research QuestionsThe main question of this question is what are the adaptive strategies of households to cope the flood event and how can local government support the adaptive strategies in reducing the impact of floodSub questions are What are the characteristics of the flood event? What are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood? What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies? What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event? Research Method* Make the adaptations necessary to adjust the text agree to your own situation Type of ResearchThe type of look for is an explanatory research which seeks to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies of household. This research will use qualitative and quantitative method. 2.2. data Collection Literature study junior-grade data will be collected mainly from government institutions, various data will be collected is listed on the following tableTable Secondary DataNoData TypeSource1Annual report of JFP Perum year 2008JFP, Perum of JFP2Documentation of tidal flood (picture and report)JFP, NJM3Fisheries statistic year 2008JFP, BPS, Perum of JFP, NJFA4Spatial PlanNJM5Flood Preventing ProgramJFP, NJMFlood Preventing ProgramJFP, NJM Secondary data such as (reports, articles, etc) will be collected through a literature study from (governmental agencies, private, other). The sources of secondary data are shown in the following table X 2.2.2. Fieldwork Primary data will be collected t hrough a fieldwork for (duration, time of the data collection and place (s)). The research instruments will be a combination of an (in-depth interview, survey with questionnaires, others). The choice of key respondents (government officials/ experts, others) for interviews (with semi- unopen interviews, closed interviews, etc) is based on a (purposive or other way of sampling). Further, the list of respondents to be interviewed is shown in the table X1 The research population at which the survey about (perception or other issue) using (questionnaires and/or other instrument) will be applied to (citizens, NGOs, etc..) The sampling technique for selecting respondents from citizens is a (purposive, random, or other) sampling. Considering that time and finance are the main limitations of the research, the expected number of respondents is X . The dissemination of questionnaires will be done by (visiting offices, schools/campuses and association centers of respondents, by using internet or other means). The list of respondents is presented in the following table X2 2.3. Data AnalysisHow your collected data will be analyzed, techniques to be used for the analysis (statistic methods means, percentages, frequency distribution, etc)) and for the let out and organization of the collected data (tables, matrix, graphic (type)).Unit of Analysis, Variables and IndicatorsUnit of analysis of this research is the Variables and indicators are summarized in the following table X3 2.6. Research Design In order to have a clear guidance about how to do the research, it is necessary to make a research design. The research design consists of some stages as is shown in the following figure XThe thesis report will be structured into X chapters.Those six chapters are as followsChapter 1 includes the ambit of the problem, problem statement, justification of study, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses.Chapter 2 deals with literature review/conceptual framework used in the research.Chapter 3 describes the general condition of the research area.Chapter 4 explains the research method.Chapter 5 discusses the results/findings of the research.Chapter 6 is concerned with conclusions and recommendationsTime FrameworkTable X Important dates and deadlinesBudgetTable X Budget of researchReference ListAppendix 1 Copy of the audience Questions to be used in the field visitAppendix 2 Copy (s) of the Questionnaire(s) to be used in the field visit.Appendix 3 Map of the research area.CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODResearch method used deals with the goals and objectives achieved in this study. It consists of pre field, data collection method and data analysis method. PreparationThis stage has main purpose to prepare some certain materials which will be used in the field data collection. There are three main activities, which are literature review, design survey, and questioner. The literature review is a process to obtain research primer justification and to formula te research questions. Then, it is harnessed as a guide in the research process. The literature review itself yields a theoretical background that provides framework analysis of the research. It also organizes such kind of research which should be accomplished in order to achieve the research objective. Data CollectionThe data needed for the research analysis are primary and secondary data. Primary data collection interview both household and contact person in particular community (government official, community leader, NGO, etc).Questioner distribution will be held by considering the number of samples taken. In this case, the number of samples is obtained by using the following equation (Public Work Department)n = imageWhere n = The number of samplesN = The number of population (3 Sub district 29337)d = The level of significancy for about 10% (it represents all population)Regarding to the equation, the number of samples used is 100 samples (see the following calculation)= 99,66 = 100On the other side, the secondary data are gathered from literature review and previous research reports. Secondary data are the available statistical data compiled from those institutions.The result of this fieldwork is a database containing all information related with people perception on flooding, physical aspects (structural types of edifices and building contents) and socio-economic aspects (age, gender, occupation, income, educational level, length of stay and housing status) and peoples coping mechanism due to flood. Data Analysis MethodThe method of analysis is a descriptive analysis that explores and investigates the data. Questionnaires were double checked for differences and corrected, and individual and housing records linked using SPSS software. The main variables collected from the households interviews such as height of water level during flood, and the duration, flood history, coping mechanism, and the socio economic were analysed.From the analysis, it is expect ed to find a new integrated flood guidance that is possible to apply in overcoming flood hazard in Sampang Regency. The output from this analysis process will be utilized as a guide to develop a new flood management system.Research QuestionVariablesIndicatorsData SourceInterview Question NumbersWhat are the characteristics of the flood event?Characteristic of floodHistory of Flood begin the FloodFlood DepthFlood DurationInterview (using questionnaires) with households, and observationThe Impact of Flood Physical DamageInfrastructureHouse/Building toilet facilityFurnitureOutside properties EconomicIncomeOccupationDisruption in business SocialInjuries sustainIllness sufferedLoss of lifeInterview (using questionnaires) with households, and observationWhat are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood?EconomicReconstruction of house with the reinforced materialPreparing place for storage at the higher placeStoring sanctioned food items such as rice and sugarBuilding dike s in front of house using sand bagsRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the house regular thingsContinue workingPurchasing cheap foodRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the house pitch moneyInterview (using questionnaires) with households.Technological/structuralConstruction of house with the reinforced materialClosing the door and windows properly to avoid waterDo cypherSecuring house entrance to avoid debrisCleaning the house by drainingRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the houseFixing thingsCleaning the canal surroundings the houseInterview (using questionnaires) with households.SocialCleaning the house and surroundingsContinue patrolling the neighborhoodHelping others community member in doing workGuarding the house to ensure safety belongingsSearching relief materialsEvacuating the family, especially children and elderly to the safer place,Preparing temporary place at associate s or relatives placePreparing place for storage at the higher placeCleaning the canal surroundings the houseInterview (using questionnaires) with households.What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies?PhysicalInfrastructureGeographic LocationInterview (using questionnaires) with households.EconomicsStatus of PropertyIncomeOccupationInterview (using questionnaires) with households.Social domiciles sizeHouseholds structureInterview (using questionnaires) with households.What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event?StructuralBuild dykes,Build dam,Build reservoir,Improve infiltration of rainfall into the ground.Interview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanismNon structuralAn early warning systemRegulationInterview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanismThe sample was chosen from households affected by coastal erosion/flooding and the ones who knew the details of adaptation strategies. A sample of 40 households was selected randomly.