Dickens’ Victorian Critique of Church and State Essay Example for Free

fiend Victorian Critique of Church and State screenThere is not much question in a look at his careers work, that Charles the Tempter was by his nature a uncut social critic. He would often wanton away his characters morally objectionable in order to demonstrate the ills of society and would take an especially great interest in showing the iniquities of Church and State. In the deeply unequal England of the Victorian era, deuce felt that he saw a lot of suffering, a great umpteen people in need and a visible disgust of the rich toward the poor. The fact that these conditions had associated so closely with the premise of God and Crown had drawn fall out in critics such as dickens as sharp distaste for the British institution girding both. That is why so many of his works centered on the relationship of the rich and poor, separated as such by the unwelcome permeation of authority of the former oer the latter. The labor conditions Dickens explores in stiff Times through su ch figures as Stephen are contrasted sharply by the life of decadence and sanctimony denoting the figure of Josiah Bounderby.Clearly the figure through who Dickens channels the greatest pitch of protest, there is a clear hostility toward the hypocrisy and meanness which allows Bounderby to prevail over the poor of Coketown with a divinely authorise and self-declared superiority. It is here that Dickens captures the Victorian eras undercurrent of resentment of the exploitation of God and Church for the interests of rendering selective such universal entitlements as faith and justice.In Bounderby, we are given the opportunity to view the justice system in Dickens time as something principally founded on inequality, stupefy out a process which is governed by an aristocratic jurisdiction over that which deemed righteous, just and moral. All of these concepts emerge in Bounderby, and especially in a notable undertake with Stephen, suggest the most demonstrably inappropriate misuse of religious principles. In Hard Times, published in 1854, Dickens shows that he is specifi pressy interested in dealing with a current problem of labor abuse.He draws a deeply negative picture of the rationalist political movement with which Bounderby may be identified. This was a powerful movement at the time in England. Rationality was focused on facts, which Dickens believed were used to give strict control over education, values and even creativity. This would impact the making of religion and justice too. The chief characterization of Bounderby captures this points exceedingly well, remarking that there was a moral infection of claptrap in him. Strangers, modest enough elsewhere, started up at dinners in Coketown, and boasted in quite a rampant way, of Bounderby.They made him out to be the Royal arms, the Union-Jack, Magna Charta, John Bull, Habeas Corpus, the mailing of Rights, an Englishmans house is his castle, Church and State, and God Save the Queen, all put together. (52 ) The declaration, clearly satirical in its delivery, is nonetheless a premise upon which we will find Bounderby behaving in the most repugnant of ways. When the aforementioned Stephen, an honest laborer detained in a marriage with an abusive and alcoholic wife, goes to Bounderby, the wealthy mill owner and a public judge, he is denied a request for divorce.Bounderby denies him because poor laborers like him are not expected to lead the money to have a divorce. In the exposure between Stephen and Bounderby, we can see how the justice system is deeply imbalanced, as are the attitudes of the people in the justice system. When Stephen argues that the legal system wouldnt allow him get a divorce was a muddle, Bounderby disciplines him, Dont you talk nonsense, my good fellow,. . . about things you dont understand and dont you call the Institutions of your country a muddle , or youll get yourself into a real muddle one of these find mornings.The institutional of your country are not yo ur piece-work, and the totally thing you have got to do, is, to mind your piece-work. You didnt take your wife for fast and for loose but for better for worse. If she has turned out worsewhy, all we have got to say is, she might have turned out better (Hard Times, 84) The response, which only makes Stephen more angry, shows how Dickens really likes to use the writing device of irony. As Bounderby and Mrs. Sparsit, who is a rich, high-class woman with a divorce, together call Stephen guilty of impiety, we know that the two are having some sort of inappropriate relationship with one another.This casts a blaring spotlight on the hypocrisy at the root of his cruel religiosity. Bounderby takes on the mantle of Dickens twinned reproach for the system and church which had conspired to make England so deeply unequal a place. That God had come to overwhelm the senses of justice and humanism seems a clear justification to Dickens that the core moral philosophy of religion had by the Victori an age been exposed for the bastard-child of human conceit which it had come to embody. Indeed, in the above claim by Bounderby against Stephen, was can see that Dickens is be very sarcastic when he uses the word impiety. Particularly, the statement is delivered at the expense of a poor man, demonstrating a perceived relationship between right and social class. The cruel and empowered judge would characterize himself as the man of God, so noted for his chosen rank and certainly not, from the readers (or Dickens) perspective, because of his admirable moral disposition.. The outcome of Stephens visit to Bounderby and Sparsit is that his poor, labor-class status renders him morally, and thus legally, forbidden from divorce.A clear symptom of the Victorian era, we can see Dickens taking particular pains demonstrate that manner in which religion and justice had come to falsely associate. The vitriol which Bounderby aims at Stephen is powerfully representative of the calculate in this a ssociation, allowing the wealthy to prevail over fundamental personal institutions such as the faith, family and welfare of the poor.Works CitedDickens, C. (1870). Hard Times. Barnes Noble Classics.

Flood Coping Mechanisms

gourmandize Coping Mechanisms Adaptive Strategies of firm in bournes of engorge grapple utensil. entrance Background of the problemInternational and national literature relate to the problem to be studiedFloods argon defined as extremely high flows of river, whereby wet supply inundates flood plains or terrains outside the water-confined major river channels. Flood endanger is measured by probability occurrence of their damaging values, conceived generally as flood risk, or by their impact on society, conceives usually as the loss of lives and material damage to society (Rossi et al., 1994).Flood is natural pillowcases that put up occur at any(prenominal) time and often able to create loss and damage that can be suffered by property, population and environment. Flood event cannot be prevented, but it can only be controlled and reduced the impact. Flood came relatively quickly, so we must have the effective strategies in order to reduce the impact from flood event.Flood i s the most damaging event in Indonesia. Of total disaster in Indonesia, 57.43% is floods. Those events cause 587,190 affected people and 68 casualties (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNBP/National Coordinating Board for the steering of Disaster), 2008).Geographically, Sampang is located in Madura Island and included as plain argona because it has elevation almost the same as sea take. Due to this physical condition, Sampang, as a waterfront city, has been suffering with flooding almost every year. Combination between high intensity of rainfall and high tide of sea, improved water discharge of Kamoning River and hence inundated several areas in Sampang. The triggering factor is small holding capacity of Kamoning River.The strategies from topical anaesthetic anaesthetic alliance to cope the flood are mostly developed by the initiative of affected community in inundated area. For instance, they have added the floor height or the crook of floor in order to avoid the wate r flow and save their belongings. The coping activities that have been done by local anesthetic community revealed due to the disability of local community to move in safer area. Besides, those coping strategies also have uniqueness related to the physical condition of this area. It means that the strategies can be explored by dint of several perspectives, e.g. the magnitude of flood, income, education, etc.By elaborating the breathing adaptative strategies in Sampang Regency, it is expected that the general and specific description of flood coping strategies can be obtained as an effort to establish the recommendation in case of local authorities policy in facing with a given flood.1.2. Statement of ProblemFlood becomes a major issue for the local government of Sampang Regency because it is one of the most frequent and most disastrous natural events. Tremendous losses and damages as results of severe flood have been occurred. Historically, Sampang metropolis already has been st ricken severe flood in three times which were in 1921, 1991 and 2002. The most flood disaster in Sampang was in 2002, where a ternion area of Sampang was affected and caused more than 14 casualties, many damaged houses and public infrastructures, and many evacuated people. The recent of flood occurrence in Sampang were in 2008 and 2009, where the flood event has a little damaged.The flood occurrences in this regency demanded the awareness both from local community and local government for conducting disaster reduction actions. Those actions were aimed to minimize the impact of flood. nonpareil of those actions is flood investigation in terms of flood characteristics and coping strategies. The action is intended to gather information related to the characteristic of flood, how the affected community abide with flood, and the coping strategies that have been done by the local government.The calm information more or less flood and flood coping strategies result be useful as an s erious input to arrange capacity improvement in disaster reduction process. On the opposite words, local community and local government bequeath be involved in establishing the more appropriate flood coping strategies, particularly by examining flood characteristics and existing flood coping mechanism. Moreover, it can be decided whether the existing flood coping strategies are adequate or not.There are many parts of Sampang Regency which are often stricken by flood every year, but the study about flood has not been done yet. Besides, more detail of local communitys strategies in overcoming the flood is not established. Local government commonly only calculated the losses and damages without investigating the flood characteristics and coping strategies done by local community. take place the thesis with Sampang as study area. Research ObjectiveGeneral objective of this inquiry is to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies. The general objective is then elaborated into four specific objectives, as followTo identify the characteristics of the flood. To explore the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood. To recognize influencing factors of selected adaptive strategies. To identify the government strategies in terms of reducing the flood impacts. Research QuestionsThe main question of this question is what are the adaptive strategies of households to cope the flood event and how can local government support the adaptive strategies in reducing the impact of floodSub questions are What are the characteristics of the flood event? What are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood? What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies? What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event? Research Method* Make the adaptations necessary to adjust the text agree to your own situation Type of ResearchThe type of look for is an explanatory research which seeks to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies of household. This research will use qualitative and quantitative method. 2.2. data Collection Literature study junior-grade data will be collected mainly from government institutions, various data will be collected is listed on the following tableTable Secondary DataNoData TypeSource1Annual report of JFP Perum year 2008JFP, Perum of JFP2Documentation of tidal flood (picture and report)JFP, NJM3Fisheries statistic year 2008JFP, BPS, Perum of JFP, NJFA4Spatial PlanNJM5Flood Preventing ProgramJFP, NJMFlood Preventing ProgramJFP, NJM Secondary data such as (reports, articles, etc) will be collected through a literature study from (governmental agencies, private, other). The sources of secondary data are shown in the following table X 2.2.2. Fieldwork Primary data will be collected t hrough a fieldwork for (duration, time of the data collection and place (s)). The research instruments will be a combination of an (in-depth interview, survey with questionnaires, others). The choice of key respondents (government officials/ experts, others) for interviews (with semi- unopen interviews, closed interviews, etc) is based on a (purposive or other way of sampling). Further, the list of respondents to be interviewed is shown in the table X1 The research population at which the survey about (perception or other issue) using (questionnaires and/or other instrument) will be applied to (citizens, NGOs, etc..) The sampling technique for selecting respondents from citizens is a (purposive, random, or other) sampling. Considering that time and finance are the main limitations of the research, the expected number of respondents is X . The dissemination of questionnaires will be done by (visiting offices, schools/campuses and association centers of respondents, by using internet or other means). The list of respondents is presented in the following table X2 2.3. Data AnalysisHow your collected data will be analyzed, techniques to be used for the analysis (statistic methods means, percentages, frequency distribution, etc)) and for the let out and organization of the collected data (tables, matrix, graphic (type)).Unit of Analysis, Variables and IndicatorsUnit of analysis of this research is the Variables and indicators are summarized in the following table X3 2.6. Research Design In order to have a clear guidance about how to do the research, it is necessary to make a research design. The research design consists of some stages as is shown in the following figure XThe thesis report will be structured into X chapters.Those six chapters are as followsChapter 1 includes the ambit of the problem, problem statement, justification of study, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses.Chapter 2 deals with literature review/conceptual framework used in the research.Chapter 3 describes the general condition of the research area.Chapter 4 explains the research method.Chapter 5 discusses the results/findings of the research.Chapter 6 is concerned with conclusions and recommendationsTime FrameworkTable X Important dates and deadlinesBudgetTable X Budget of researchReference ListAppendix 1 Copy of the audience Questions to be used in the field visitAppendix 2 Copy (s) of the Questionnaire(s) to be used in the field visit.Appendix 3 Map of the research area.CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODResearch method used deals with the goals and objectives achieved in this study. It consists of pre field, data collection method and data analysis method. PreparationThis stage has main purpose to prepare some certain materials which will be used in the field data collection. There are three main activities, which are literature review, design survey, and questioner. The literature review is a process to obtain research primer justification and to formula te research questions. Then, it is harnessed as a guide in the research process. The literature review itself yields a theoretical background that provides framework analysis of the research. It also organizes such kind of research which should be accomplished in order to achieve the research objective. Data CollectionThe data needed for the research analysis are primary and secondary data. Primary data collection interview both household and contact person in particular community (government official, community leader, NGO, etc).Questioner distribution will be held by considering the number of samples taken. In this case, the number of samples is obtained by using the following equation (Public Work Department)n = imageWhere n = The number of samplesN = The number of population (3 Sub district 29337)d = The level of significancy for about 10% (it represents all population)Regarding to the equation, the number of samples used is 100 samples (see the following calculation)= 99,66 = 100On the other side, the secondary data are gathered from literature review and previous research reports. Secondary data are the available statistical data compiled from those institutions.The result of this fieldwork is a database containing all information related with people perception on flooding, physical aspects (structural types of edifices and building contents) and socio-economic aspects (age, gender, occupation, income, educational level, length of stay and housing status) and peoples coping mechanism due to flood. Data Analysis MethodThe method of analysis is a descriptive analysis that explores and investigates the data. Questionnaires were double checked for differences and corrected, and individual and housing records linked using SPSS software. The main variables collected from the households interviews such as height of water level during flood, and the duration, flood history, coping mechanism, and the socio economic were analysed.From the analysis, it is expect ed to find a new integrated flood guidance that is possible to apply in overcoming flood hazard in Sampang Regency. The output from this analysis process will be utilized as a guide to develop a new flood management system.Research QuestionVariablesIndicatorsData SourceInterview Question NumbersWhat are the characteristics of the flood event?Characteristic of floodHistory of Flood begin the FloodFlood DepthFlood DurationInterview (using questionnaires) with households, and observationThe Impact of Flood Physical DamageInfrastructureHouse/Building toilet facilityFurnitureOutside properties EconomicIncomeOccupationDisruption in business SocialInjuries sustainIllness sufferedLoss of lifeInterview (using questionnaires) with households, and observationWhat are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood?EconomicReconstruction of house with the reinforced materialPreparing place for storage at the higher placeStoring sanctioned food items such as rice and sugarBuilding dike s in front of house using sand bagsRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the house regular thingsContinue workingPurchasing cheap foodRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the house pitch moneyInterview (using questionnaires) with households.Technological/structuralConstruction of house with the reinforced materialClosing the door and windows properly to avoid waterDo cypherSecuring house entrance to avoid debrisCleaning the house by drainingRepairing minor damage of the applianceRepairing important damage to the houseFixing thingsCleaning the canal surroundings the houseInterview (using questionnaires) with households.SocialCleaning the house and surroundingsContinue patrolling the neighborhoodHelping others community member in doing workGuarding the house to ensure safety belongingsSearching relief materialsEvacuating the family, especially children and elderly to the safer place,Preparing temporary place at associate s or relatives placePreparing place for storage at the higher placeCleaning the canal surroundings the houseInterview (using questionnaires) with households.What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies?PhysicalInfrastructureGeographic LocationInterview (using questionnaires) with households.EconomicsStatus of PropertyIncomeOccupationInterview (using questionnaires) with households.Social domiciles sizeHouseholds structureInterview (using questionnaires) with households.What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event?StructuralBuild dykes,Build dam,Build reservoir,Improve infiltration of rainfall into the ground.Interview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanismNon structuralAn early warning systemRegulationInterview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanismThe sample was chosen from households affected by coastal erosion/flooding and the ones who knew the details of adaptation strategies. A sample of 40 households was selected randomly.

Representation And The Newspaper Media Criminology Essay

Re positation And The Newspaper Media Criminology EssayThis literature review aims to examine the literature regarding the ways in which women offenders, especially those connected with notorious take cases argon represented by the media, one simply way that slew help to understand the representation of women is to compargon it with how men are portrayed (Gill, 2007, p. 17). At its most basic (Burton, 2010, p. 16), representation is the excogitationion of ideas about a subject through some means of communication. The concern is that the representation constructs detrimental ideas about the unlikeness of the subject from others (Burton, 2010, p. 16). Women who join their partners in knock offing puzzle stood out as extraordinary and exceptional (Jewkes, 2004, p. 108), feminist commentators (Jewkes, 2004, Naylor, 2001) assert that the women attract more media attention creating an construe of them that is more powerful than that of the male. The pervasive insurance coverage has runed in the construction of these women as folk devils provoking a collective sense of horror from the public.Representation and the composition mediaNewspapers exert an enormous amount of influence over public perception (Burton, 2010, p. 7), they are an influential and powerful tool within society, utilised to inform and replace information and word to the public. Academics have questioned the role of newspapers in their reporting of serious crime suggesting that instead of representing reality, they instead provide media representations of reality (Peelo et al 2004, p. 261).Reah (2002, p. 50) observes newspapers are not simply vehicles for delivering information they present the reader with aspects of the news, and present it often in a way that intends to guide the ideological stance of the reader. Burton (2010, p. 7) explains that the familiarity of newspapers in our daily lives elicit divert attention from the fact that they are made objects. He asserts that newspapers are organised in various ways for various reasons and it would not be affirmable to argue that they are neutral deliverers of information with which the reader can do anything they please with. Burton (2010, p. 16) maintains that from a structuralist perspective in that location are features of a newspaper which present an order, a form, cues to the reader all of these give shape to the representation of the subject. Newspapers order their material to produce a line of argument which is then imposed on the reader. Jewkes (2004, p.37) agrees with this view, stating that despite often being described as a window on the world or a mirror reflecting real life, newspapers might be more accurately described as a prism, subtly bending and distorting the representation of the subject it portrays. However, it must be pointed out that readers are not so lacking in the capacity for critical interpretation that newspaper makers can produce any kind of meaning or interpretation and impose it ( Burton, 2010, p. 16).Feminism, crime and the mediaResearch (Gill, 2007, Naylor 1995, 2001) has shown that the media coverage about women is generally presented differently to coverage about men. Dyer (1993, p. 21) and more recently Naylor (2001, p. 186) go further arguing that the equal behaviour can evoke significantly different press coverage completely dependent on sexuality. In her study, Naylor (2001, p. 189) found that the pistillate receives a higher volume of coverage and is constructed as more deviant, more anxiety producing and more transgressive than the male.Feminist examinations of the media propose two reasons for this grammatical gender inequality. Firstly, as Gill (2007, p. 121) argues, there is a gender unbalance in terms of who produces the news, male dominance dictates media values, beliefs and norms, often unfairly. She continues that women are culturalised into the news business, into an occupation in which the majority of senior positions are still taken by men. Research by Dougary (1994, cited by Burton, 2010, p. 257) established that across 12 tabloid newspapers top editorial jobs were held by 64 men and 11 women. The ratio was worsened in the case of broadsheets.Although things are now changing (Gill 2007, p. 121 Burton, 2010, p.257) with a majority of females in journalism training, most do not end up in the mainstream press but sort of in associated fields such(prenominal) as public relations and magazines. When women do enter the mainstream press (Gill, 2007, p. 122) there still appears to be discrimination and a gendered division between hard news reporters, such as economics, politics and crime, who tend to be men and features reporters, who are most seeming to be women. There is evidence according to Burton (2010, p. 257), that it is nearly impossible for women to combine a mainstream investigative journalistic career with a family. Beasley (1992, p. 76) found that women journalists were less apparent to be married or in a long term partnership than their male counterparts, they were also significantly less likely to have children. A simple increase in the numbers of women in journalism cannot be taken as straightforward evidence of greater equality, since for women, but not men, achieving this seems to expect major sacrifices in other parts of their lives (Gill, 2007, p. 122). Burton (2010, p. 257) puts it simply when he states that there is a gender imbalance in terms of who produces news, there is gender preconception in terms of who gets to cover what kind of story, this influences the representations of gender in the news.The second reason proposed by feminist criminologists for this inequality in representation is that women commit far fewer crimes, specifically murders than men do ( legal tender, 2010, p. 1). The stereotypical picture of the criminal, Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 76) argue is a male. Male violence (Naylor, 2001, p. 186) is normalised, existing on a continuum ranging from the non cutthroat to the murderous, this results in it being viewed only in terms of degree. Jewkes (2004, p. 133) argues that violence is viewed as one of many possible behaviour patterns for men it is not strikingly unusual, nonetheless when perfect. When a man kills, his crime will be imaginable and possibly even seen as human, this is not the case for women. After all, argues Morrissey (2003, p. 16), male crime in all forms is frequently articulated, debated, portrayed, glorified, even fantasised, female crime is not.When women commit murder it is more disquieting and is accompanied by a sense of collective self-renunciation (Seal, 2010, p. 1). Women who commit murder are judged to have transgressed two sets of laws according to Jewkes (2004, p111) criminal law and the laws of nature, in Lloyds (1995) infamous words, such women are in two ways deviant and doubly damned. Seal (2010, p. 1) explains, violence is an accepted attribute of most recognised masculinities, killing by w omen violates norms of womanhood, such as nurturance, gentleness and social conformity. Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 76) state that there has always been and continues to be a widely held acceptance of common sense assumptions about female behaviour. They continue that the acceptable and stereotypical female norm is almost linked to womens psychological makeup and biological purpose, and it is these essentialist assumptions that condemn women to differential treatment not only in the media but also within the criminal evaluator system.Women who kill (Seal, 2010, p. 1) disturb culturally held notions not only of how women should behave but also of what char is. Essentially women who kill trouble the masculine/feminine gender binary by transgressing its boundaries (Seal, 2010, p. 1). Jewkes (2004, p.133) asserts that in cases of women who kill vilification operates to displace them from society, to insist on their otherness, thereby avoiding the knowledge that she is produced by th at society. Research by Chesney Lind (2006) supports this notion suggesting that gender stereotyping in criminality continues to permeate society with women who commit crimes, which violate gender stereotypes being given the most vicious journalistic treatment of all.Exploring representation typologies former research into media representations of women who commit murder indicate key stereotypical constructions that have limited the range of available representations to those which are disparaging and or disempowering (Seal, 2010, p. 6). Frigon (2006, cited by Seal 2010, p. 6) argues that there is an absence of language with which to articulate cases of women who kill. In particular, themes of sexuality, madness, and women as housewives and carers reoccur. Seal (2010, p 6) argues that this is unsurprising in the light of feminist criminology, which has explored how these discourse of womanhood are the ones that have governed the judgement, punishment and representation of criminal w omen.Jewkes (2004) in her book Media and Crime identified seven standard stereotypical narratives typically used by the media to construct the image of women who commit serious crime. These will now be outlined below.Sexuality and sexual devianceWomen who commit serious offences are already of news value by virtue of their relative rarity. Jewkes (2004, p. 113) notes that women offenders arrive even more newsworthy when they can be further marginalised by reference to their sexuality. Womens sexual preference, their frolic of sex or their frigidity, have long been used to demonise them and justify their construction as monsters, even more so if the sexual preference of the woman in question is for other women.According to Jewkes (2004, p. 117) there is an inherent association between lesbianism and aggression that has led to the media attempting to explain violent female behaviour by way of lesbianism and attributes of masculinity. Seal (2010, p. 24) supports this argument stating that the tendency to masculinise women who kill is exacerbated in cases of women perceived as being lesbian or having lesbian tendencies.Physical drawWomen who kill (Jewkes, 2004, p. 118) are subjected to intense scrutiny regarding their carnal appearance and attractiveness, a fact that entirely reflects cultural attitudes towards women in everyday life. Wykes and Gunter (2004, p. 255) argue that aspects of femininity such as youth, slenderness, and decorativeness are much valued within society and the media, if the female offender does not conform to this tradition stereotype she is vilified by the media. However it appears that the female offender cannot win, as Jewkes (2004, p. 119) points out women who are conventionally attractive and therefore do conform to this stereotype are not spared vilification, often being presented as femme fetales who are cold detached and morally vacuous. Gill (2007, p. 116) points out that unlike women, their male counterparts are rarely describe d or judged in terms of their physical appearance.Bad wivesAccording to Jewkes (2004, p. 119) notions of femininity and domesticity are crucial factors in determining how to construct the image of women who kill. She argues that women offenders are frequently judged on their marital status, family background, and children. If it can be seen that women offenders are not conforming to Victorian inspired ideals of femininity and domesticity they are typically constructed as bad wives and mothers. By contrast, marital status, family background and children have short(p) or no bearing on most cases involving male offenders whose conformity to conventional ideas of respectability rely on issues such as employment rather than factors such as marital status (Lloyd, 1995, p. 196).Bad mothersWomen who murder children represent only a tiny fraction of serious criminals, as a result of this rarity they frequently have a novelty value that guarantees media interest in them (Seal, 2010, p. 26). The bad mother narrative is so culturally pervasive that it is employ to virtually all cases of women who kill whether the woman responsible is an actual mother or not (Jewkes, 2004, p. 121). Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 184) argue that the culturally sanctioned code of femininity and womanhood is that women should nature and protect, not harm. It is a womans natural role as mother and carer that makes it difficult for society to accept that women can harm children. Men on the other hand (Jewkes, 2004, p. 132) are rarely described as bad fathers even when their victim is their own child.Mythical monstersJewkes (2004, p. 123) argues that the representation of women who kill that prevails in the media pop out from pagan mythology, Judaeo Christian theology and classical art and literature, these frequently invoke images of witches, evil temptress, harpies and fallen women to convey female wickedness. She argues that the representation of female offenders as unreal monsters serves o nly to depict them as less woman than monster. Monstrous images of women have become so firmly entrenched in popular consciousness that it has become almost impossible to view any woman who kills as a real woman. Men however, according to Seal (2010, p. 75), are rarely given the same mythical motifs as females even though their crimes and or even themselves may be described as monstrous.Mad cowsSeal (2010, p. 50) suggests that the criminal jurist system, the media and society generally find it hard to accept that a woman has committed violent or heinous offences unless she can be categorised as a deluded lunatic or unstable hysteric. She argues along with Jewkes (2004, p 126) that there is an historical tendency to describe womens violence with explanations that rely on notions of female pathology, particularly in relation to faulty biology. This it is argued, (Seal 2010, p. 50, Jewkes, 2004 p. 126) serves to reduce the responsibility of the woman for the deviant act. Jewkes (2004, p. 127) argues that men meanwhile are regarded as rational agents, ruled by their heads not their biology and are therefore less likely to be described in terms of madness.Evil manipulatorWomen who collude with their partners in killing are problematic for the popular media who seek to communicate their actions to the rest of society (Jewkes, 2004, p. 128). The medias solution to women who appear to be equal partners, or at least go along with the crime unquestioningly is to place the burden of guilt on their shoulders. Morrissey (2003, p. 152) argues that the womens involvement in the crime will be exaggerated in the press cause the female to be vilified to a greater extent. She argues that the press relies on the notion that although the male may be a sadistic man capable of extreme cruelty he would never act without a submissive woman. It is only together that they become a lethal pair. Jewkes (2004, p. 128) argues that the female of the pair is deemed more blameful as she is i nstrumental in unleashing the violence and depravity that the male has thus far contained. It is the female who has let down the victim as she failed to stop the crime, she should have shown compassion (Jewkes, 2004, p. 128).ConclusionFrom the search of the literature pertaining to womens violence and the ways in which womens violence is represented it is becoming clear that the news medias aim and role is not simply to inform and educate the public (Burton, 2010, p. 8). The news media and society at large are not ready to confront the reality that women can be cruel, sadistic, and violent. The simple truth that men are more aggressive than women encourages a widespread cultural ignorance of the fact that women have the potential for violence and that women can kill as women (Jewkes, 2004, p. 129).Word count 2545

Benefits of Physical Exercise

Benefits of Physical fermentRegular corporeal rehearse is beneficial to the dead eubstance on a long-term basis. Most experts believe that healthy eating parents the health of the body. However, recent research indicates that healthy eating has to be in tandem with corporal exercises in order to construe that the body systems function best. Regular physical exercises ensure that the body is able to manage heart diseases and other ailments such as diabetes.By engaging in physical exercises, an single(a) is able to enhance his or her chances of living longer, while keeping diseases at bay. Addition entirelyy, physical exercises ensure that blood lipoid patterns atomic number 18 kept at a minimum (Langlois, 2013). Although heart diseases are usually associated with lack of physical exercises, staying active also ensures that the body effectively manages all kinds of diseases. For instance, people send word be protected a come acrossst high blood pressure and breast give the sackcer if they take physical exercises as routine.Exercise and Mental wellnessApart from physical exercises ensuring the long-term health of an individual finished overcoming diseases, the kind health of the individual also improves. Physical legal action ensures the release of chemics in the mavin. These chemicals harbour a relaxation atmosphere in the body. The aspect of relaxing the mind raises the self-esteem of a person beca pulmonary tuberculosis it increases self-confidence (Langlois, 2013). People who spend most of their cadence in the office usually develop stress. Involving in physical exercise provides the individual with an opportunity to relieve stress. Physical exercises increase norepinephrine concentration (Penedo Dahn, 2009). This chemical empowers the brain to effectively respond to stress. Penedo and Dahn (2009) acknowledge how the change magnitude temperature through physical exercise helps to reduce tension within the muscles. This leads to relaxation that overcomes stress. An additional pull in of working(a) out is that it increases the concentration of the mind. Studies extradite shown that exercises boost stay, while at the same time helping people who are suffering from depression.The natural tendency of the body to treat depression backside also be envisaged through the increased secretion of endorphins due to physical exercises. Experts such as Penedo and Dahn (2009) state that hormones secreted by the brain during heavy physical exercise reduce depression to greater levels. The authors state that exercise is an effective antidepressant. This signifies that individuals who perform regular physical exercises would not need to use antidepressant pills for treating depression. Individuals who have had difficulties in sleeping would find regular exercises to be effective mechanisms to induce sleep. Research shows that regular exercises usually help individuals to fall sleep faster, and maintain the duration of sleep for a longer period.Control of Body Weight, Bones, and MusclesIndividuals who garmentsually involve in physical exercises seldom have challenges with controlling their body weight. Most adult the Statesn citizens usually add weight, and this makes them susceptible to illness such as arthritis, stroke, and breathing complications (PHC, 2012). The excess energy that compiles within the body can be reduced through physical exercises. It is of the essence(p) that adults involve in exercises that are much physical in order to maintain their weight. In particular, it is important that fat be converted into muscles.In order to maintain muscles, regular physical exercises are mandatory, because they also reduce the tendency to develop fractures. A debate performed on of age(predicate)er people in a Liverpool community indicated that Muscles and bones benefit through physical exercises because they become strong (PHC, 2012). Therefore, for elderly people, it is quite essential for them to d evelop strong bones through performing exercises such as weight lifting, walking and running. This can help them to lower their chances of developing osteoporosis an ailment that is associated with old people.How Physical Exercises Reduce Lung CancerResearch under taken by the American association of cancer research (2006) indicated that physical exercises reduce lung cancer. In particular, the report by Aacr (2006) suggests that women who rotter and involve in physical exercises can enjoy a reduced risk of developing lung cancer. In general, it appears that a physically active smoker has lesser chances of developing lung cancer compared to a sedentary smoker (Aacr 2006). Aacr (2006) hike adds that both male and female smokers who have tried and failed in quitting smoking would find physical exercises as an effective option to reduce their susceptibility to developing lung cancer. Thune (2011) supports this argument by arguing that physical exercises usually reduce the prevalence of lung cancer in men and women by 20-50% and 20-30% respectively. Moreover, research has proved that physical exercises usually improve pulmonary functions while reducing the concentration of carcinogenic agents in the lungs (Andersen, 2011). This increases the immune procedure of the body while at the same time enhancing DNA repair capacity (Thune 2011).Prevention of Cardiovascular DiseasesMany people know the importance of physical exercises in reducing cardiovascular diseases. The aspect of consuming a high calorie diet devoid of any physical exercises ensures that the body accumulates cholesterin (Cdc, 2014). This cholesterol is responsible for heart diseases. Although many experts have argued that it is important to maintain a low calorie diet, regular physical exercises usually help the body to decline to a low calorie diet. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that irrespective of an individuals body weight, staying active usually boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The center further stipulates that better exercise normally results in the smooth flow of blood, an aspect that reduces the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. Citizens do not value physical exercises because of the belief that they are strenuous. However, it is recommended that just a few minutes of walking can have a great effect on the health of the body. A 30-minute walk that is make on a regular basis can have a greater effect of preventing cardiovascular diseases. In essence, it is always better to start the habit of having a daily walk early, rather than waiting for the onset of diseases. In the medical field, exercises not only help in preventing and diminishing cardiovascular diseases, scarce also ensure that an individual looks younger and fitter (Cdc, 2014).How Physical Exercises Enhance Endurance and IntimacyLittle research has however been done to ascertain how exercise can benefit the endurance of an individual. For instance, physical exe rcise increases the strength of the body, thus fashioning it easier to overcome challenging tasks. This is achieved through the increased volumes of oxygen that is pumped into the tissues. This de belongrs howling(a) energy that is never accessed through the sedentary state. Consistent energy within the body is therefore an assurance of stamina that makes it easier to go through the daily chores of breeding (Cdc, 2014).Physical intimacy can also receive a boost if couples can choose to involve in regular physical exercises. The fact that an individual feels energized after going through physical exercise is an indication that couples can easily rejuvenate their intimacy through working out (Cdc, 2014). In particular, women who regularly involve in physical exercises usually enjoy enhanced arousal. For men, sexual challenges such as erectile dysfunction can be overcome through regular physical exercises.Physical Benefits Through SocializationThe physical health of the body depend s on a variety of factors. The aspect of maintaining strong social ties with friends and families usually helps to keep the mind and the body in the best state. In this sense, physical activity enhances the overall happiness of people through the fun associated with it. The social place setting that is associated with physical exercise ensures that individuals remove the habitual boredom associated with the formal environment (Cdc, 2014). For instance, dancing classes and soccer teams are excellent settings through which people can enjoy, gain new friends, and try something new that may have an economic benefit.The Role that the State can PlayPhysical exercises serve many functions. This signifies that the State can play its rightful role in ensuring that citizens can become healthy through working out. In the American and UK situations, the state can provide a comprehensive physical activity program in order to improve physical exercises among citizens. Currently, deaths from chron ic diseases among Americans and Britons are high. These deaths could have been avoided if the respective countries could have unveiled programs that would have encouraged citizens to involve in more exercises that are physical (Alderman, 2009).Therefore, states have a strategic role in ensuring compliance to physical exercises. Evidence suggests that America has half a million deaths in a year resulting from physical inactivity (Macera, 2010). In this regard, the state can encourage increased physical activity to sedentary subgroups and populations. This would be achieved through measures such as community wide campaigns that target a diverse audience. Programs that target individuals can also help to enhance behavioral change. For instance, the State can come up with reward systems in order to celebrate the achievements that have been made by people who have taken up physical exercises and posted excellent results.Cases of obesity in the UK are on the increase among school going ch ildren, and this is setting a bad spring for their future. The country can intervene in this situation through establishing public policies that encourage physical exercises. For instance, school based physical education (PE) programs are good examples (Pate, 2006). Such programs would ensure that a curriculum of vigorous physical exercises is esteemed and followed strictly. School administrators would be required to increase the amount of time allocated to physical activities (Alderman, 2009).States can also increase civil education initiatives that can be used to change cultural attitudes towards physical activity and obesity. People usually associate an increased body weight with prosperity, and those with lean bodies are regarded as being unhealthy. Such mindsets usually encourage people to eat high calorie foods while making them to lead a sedentary lifestyle. State interventions would therefore encourage citizens to involve in physical exercises while disregarding such retrog ressive cultures. The US governing may also invest in zoning, in which government policy can make it mandatory for people to involve in physical activities. (Pate, 2006). These programs would ensure that citizens use stairs rather than elevators when making movements in tall buildings.ConclusionPhysical exercises play a distinct role in ensuring the physical and mental well being of citizens. Apart from diminishing the prevalence of diseases, physical exercises help one to overcome depression and stress. People who perform physical exercises also live longer compared to those who seldom perform them. The state has an important role in establishing policies and interventions that can promote physical exercises. School going children can benefit more through programs such as physical education (PE).ReferencesAacr. ( 2006, December 11). Exercise Can Reduce a Smokers Lung Cancer Risk, but Quitting ingest Is Still Most Important. Retrieved from http//www.aacr.org/home/publicmedia/aacr- press-releases/press-releases-2006.aspx?d=699Alderman, B. (2009). Enhancing Motivation in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance , 77 (2), 1-1.Andersen, A. (2011). Do patients with lung cancer benefit from physical exercise? Acta Oncologica , 50 (2), 307 313.Cdc. (2014). Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/physical_activity/index.html?s_cid=tw_ob387Langlois, F. (2013). Benefits of physical exercise training on cognition and quality of life in frail older adults. The journals of gerontology , 68 (3), 1079-5014.Macera, C. A. (2010). Promoting Healthy Eating and Phyisical Activity for a Healthier Nation. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/publications/pdf/pp-ch7.pdfPate, R. R. (2006). Promoting Physical Activity in Children and Youth. Retrieved from http//circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/11/1214.fullPenedo, Dahn, F. a. (2009). Exercise and well-being a review of mental and physical health ben efits associated with physical activity. Current opinion in psychiatry , 18 (2), 189 193.PHC. (2012). Benefits of physical exercise for older people confirmed. Primary Health Care , 22 (8), 7.Thune, E. (2011). Physical activity and lung cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Research , 186, 101-133.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay -- Health Care

fond ProblemThe Problem our policy is intended to address is the lack of low-cost health insurance as well as the lack of affordable health insurance to persons with pre-existing health conditions. The Extent of the social problem reaches to come of persons and populations in the United States. Living without health insurance are in excess of 50 million people in the United States, which is roughly uniform to 16.7% of the population, or one in six U.S. residents (Wolf, 2010). Defining this as a problem are those most affected by the inaccessibility barrier which includes banned immigrants, the elderly, and those persons unable to attain insurance coverage due to a pre-existing medical condition. Who disagrees?The Related Social Values pertaining to this social problem certainly gist on the dignity and worth of the person. Accessibility to health care via affordable health insurance would be considered more than a civil right provided indeed a matter of human rights. This proble m also touches one of the key American social values, which is social responsibility. The value is self-descriptive and is opposed by the competing American social value of Individualism. In terms of social values as they relate to social work and the implication relating to the profession, the NASW, the National Association of Social Workers, outlines Social Workers ethical responsibilities to that of broader society (Social Work Search, 2003).The Competing Social Values would include the opposing key American social values of Individualism and Self-care whereby the focus would be on private interest instead of public purpose. This competing value is significant because in times of private interest, acquisition of essential human needs w... ...r, Henry J. Family Foundation. (2011, April 22). Re Health Reform Implementation Timeline website. Retrieved from http//healthreform.kff.org/timeline.aspxSegal, E. A., & Brzuzy, S. (1998). Social values and cycles of history. In Brieland, D ., Social welfare policy, programs, and practice (p. 43). USA Peacock Publishers.Social Work Search. (2011, April 22). Re NASW engrave of ethics Website Retrieved from http//www.socialworksearch.com/html/nasw.shtmlSOCIETYTrumbull, M. (2010, March 23). Obama signs health care bill who wont be covered. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http//www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0323/Obama-signs-health-care-bill-Who-won-t-be-coveredWolf, R. (2010, September 17). count of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 million. USA TODAY. Retrieved from http//www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-09-17-uninsured17_ST_N.htm

Not All Conspiracies are Imaginary Essay -- Conspiracy Theory Theories

Not All Conspiracies atomic number 18 Imaginary Almost as an article of faith, some individuals believe that conspiracies are either kooky fantasies or unimportant aberrations. To be sure, wacko conspiracy theories do exist. There are people who believe that the United States has been invaded by a secret United Nations army equipped with black helicopters, or that the country is secretly controlled by Jews or gays or feminists or black nationalists or communists or extraterrestrial aliens. But it does non logically follow that all conspiracies are imaginary.Conspiracy is a legitimate concept in law the collusion of devil or more people pursuing illegal means to effect some illegal or immoral end. People go to jail for committing conspirative acts. Conspiracies are a matter of public record, and some are of real political significance. The Watergate break-in was a conspiracy, as was the Watergate cover-up, which led to Nixons downfall. Iran-contra was a conspiracy of abundant sco pe, much of it still uncovered. The savings and loan scandal was described by the Justice Department as "a thousand conspiracies of fraud, theft, and bribery," the greatest financial iniquity in history.Conspiracy or Coincidence?Often the term "conspiracy" is applied dismissively whenever one suggests that people who occupy positions of political and economic power are consciously dedicated to advancing their elite interests. Even when they openly profess their designs, there are those who deny that intent is involved. In 1994, the officers of the Federal Reserve announce they would pursue monetary policies designed to maintain a high level of unemployment in order to safeguard against "overheating" the economy. Like any creditor class, they preferred a deflationary course. When an acquaintance of mine mentioned this to friends, he was greeted skeptically, "Do you think the Fed bankers are deliberately trying to keep people unemployed?" In fact, not only did he think it, it was announced on the financial pages of the press. Still, his friends assumed he was imagining a conspiracy because he ascribed self-interested collusion to powerful people.At a World Affairs Council meeting in San Francisco, I remarked to a participant that U.S. leaders were pushing hard for the reinstatement of capitalism in the former communist countries. He said, "Do yo... ... Wade was quickly contradicted from the audience by Jack Ruby, who claimed that Oswald was a member of the leftish Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Del Valle, who was one of several people that untried Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison sought verboten in connection with the JFK assassination, was killed the same day that Dave Ferrie, some other suspect met a suspicious death. When gear up in Miami, del Valles body showed evidence of having been tortured, bludgeoned, and shot.3 The bankers of the Federal Reserve System print paper money, then lend it to the government at an interest. Kennedy signed an administrator order issuing over $4 billion in currency notes through the U.S. Treasury, thus bypassing the Feds bankers and the hundreds of millions of dollars in interest that would normally be paid out to them. These "United States Notes" were quickly withdrawn after JFKs assassination.4 See Mark Lane, Plausible Denial Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK? (New York Thunders Mouth Press, 1991). For testimony of another participant see Robert Morrow First Hand Knowledge How I Participated in the CIA-Mafia Murder of President Kennedy (New York S.P.I. Books, 1992).

An Organizational Study of The United States Air Force :: Business Organization Research

The United States atmospheric state ram fountd a leadership vacuum with the resignation of Air Force secretary pack Roche and his Undersecretary Peter Teets. The Pentagon decided to take over of the buying decisions for the Air Force since they believed that there was no one who was in the position to take on the responsibility. The incision of Defense is now taking in charge to support and to assist the Air Force Command by overseeing and providing advice on important Air Force programs during a time of transition. It was clarified however that within the next six months, a new Air Force Secretary will be appointed. At present though, the Air Force is under the temporary command of Lt. Col. Michael Rodriguez (http//money.cnn.com/2005/03/28/news/fortune500/pentagon/). All organizations whether it be in the business industry, socio-civic, private or government-regulated face the challenge of running the whole system according to the principles as well as the goals and objectives of the system. The organization normally is confronted with how it will operate accordingly to meet the expectations and limit up with the responsibilities and duties of the members as well as the departments that make up the whole system. The changes in the surroundings of the workplace in the internal as well as in the outer environment and affairs make influence the overall operations of the structure. The military is not an exemption in this regard even for the concomitant that the defensive measure team of a country undergo regulations that are very systemic and defined. There are internal as well as external affairs, issues and problems that should be attended to in order for the whole organization to function fully and provide the necessary outputs being demanded. That is why it is interesting to look at a certain military arm experience a challenge of change in the system to be able to fit in the perpetually changing global and wide social cont ext on which it operates. Air Force Organizational Structure Just like other organizations, the United States Air Force is composed of complicated and systematic divisions. The people in this particular service are classified not just according to ranks. Since the recruits in this defense arm came from different state with varying cultural orientation, it is but expected that the people in this service are also diverse.